Table 3.
Intraoperative variables in intraabdominal surgery patients with and without postoperative acute kidney injury.
| AKI | No AKI | P-Value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 234 | (8.7) | 2,457 | (92) | ||
| Anesthetics | |||||
| Desflurane (%-Hours) | 2.1 | (6.0) | 2.8 | (6.2) | 0.1 |
| Isoflurane (%-Hours) | 1.0 | (1.9) | 0.5 | (1.4) | <0.001 |
| Sevoflurane | 0.04 | ||||
| None | 44 | (19%) | 415 | (17%) | |
| <5.5%-Hours | 117 | (50%) | 1,432 | (58%) | |
| ≥5.5%-Hours | 73 | (31%) | 610 | (25%) | |
| Nitrous Oxide (%-Hours) | 11.8 | (25) | 9.2 | (22) | 0.12 |
| Propofol | <0.0001 | ||||
| None | 25 | (11%) | 103 | (4.2%) | |
| <200 mg | 118 | (50%) | 1,083 | (44%) | |
| ≥200 mg | 91 | (39%) | 1,271 | (52%) | |
| Beta Blockers | |||||
| Esmolol (mg) | 7.6 | (30) | 2.8 | (14) | 0.02 |
| Metoprolol (mg) | 0.9 | (3.0) | 0.3 | (1.6) | 0.002 |
| Labetalol (mg) | 3.3 | (10) | 2.6 | (8.8) | 0.26 |
| Blood Pressure | |||||
| MAP Mean (mm Hg) | 84.3 | (9.7) | 83.9 | (9.9) | 0.5 |
| MAP CV (Unitless) | 0.155 | (0.037) | 0.146 | (0.035) | <0.001 |
| SBP Mean (mm Hg) | 121 | (13) | 119 | (13) | 0.12 |
| SBP SD (mm Hg) | 18.6 | (5.0) | 16.9 | (5.2) | <0.0001 |
| DBP Mean (mm Hg) | 65.1 | (9.3) | 67.1 | (9.2) | 0.002 |
| DBP CV (Unitless) | 0.162 | (0.043) | 0.155 | (0.037) | 0.03 |
| Minutes with MAP <60 mm Hg | 8.7 | (13) | 8.2 | (15) | 0.5 |
| Minutes with MAP >90 mm Hg | 97 | (84) | 74 | (69) | <0.0001 |
| Diuretics | |||||
| Furosemide | <0.0001 | ||||
| No | 214 | (91%) | 2,409 | (98%) | |
| Yes | 20 | (8.6%) | 48 | (2.0%) | |
| Fluids | |||||
| Lactated Ringer’s | <0.0001 | ||||
| ≤3.6 L | 136 | (58%) | 1,754 | (71%) | |
| >3.6 L | 98 | (42%) | 703 | (29%) | |
| Red Blood Cells | <0.0001 | ||||
| None | 180 | (77%) | 2,252 | (92%) | |
| ≤1 L | 40 | (17%) | 174 | (7%) | |
| >1 L | 14 | (6.0%) | 31 | (1.3%) | |
| Albumin | <0.0001 | ||||
| None | 151 | (65%) | 2,015 | (82%) | |
| ≤250 mL | 13 | (5.6%) | 105 | (4.3%) | |
| >250 mL | 70 | (30%) | 337 | (14%) | |
| Plasma | <0.0001 | ||||
| No | 216 | (92%) | 2,408 | (98%) | |
| Yes | 18 | (7.7%) | 49 | (2.0%) | |
| Colloids | <0.0001 | ||||
| No | 209 | (89%) | 2,351 | (96%) | |
| Yes | 25 | (11%) | 106 | (4%) | |
| Normal Saline (mL) | 167 | (635) | 49 | (254) | 0.01 |
| Estimated Blood Loss (mL) | 622 | (1125) | 303 | (679) | <0.0001 |
| Urine Output | 0.002 | ||||
| ≤250 mL | 104 | (44%) | 1,352 | (55%) | |
| 250–600 mL | 77 | (33%) | 730 | (30%) | |
| >600 mL | 53 | (23%) | 375 | (15%) | |
| Operative Time | |||||
| Operative Time (min) | 231 | (138) | 184 | (106) | <0.0001 |
| Opioids | |||||
| Fentanyl (mcg) | 342 | (322) | 276 | (174) | 0.002 |
| Morphine (mg) | 2.5 | (5.3) | 2.0 | (4.7) | 0.1 |
| Hydromorphone (mg) | 0.7 | (1.1) | 0.7 | (1.0) | 0.002 |
| Vasopressors | |||||
| Phenylephrine | <0.0001 | ||||
| ≤400 mcg | 137 | (59%) | 1,809 | (74%) | |
| >400 mcg | 97 | (41%) | 648 | (26%) | |
| Ephedrine | <0.001 | ||||
| <30 mg | 205 | (88%) | 2,306 | (94%) | |
| ≥30 mg | 29 | (12%) | 151 | (6%) | |
| Norepinephrine | <0.0001 | ||||
| No | 193 | (82%) | 2,323 | (95%) | |
| Yes | 41 | (18%) | 134 | (5.5%) | |
| Epinephrine | <0.001 | ||||
| None | 225 | (96%) | 2,422 | (99%) | |
| ≤150 mcg | 5 | (2.1%) | 30 | (1.2%) | |
| >150 mcg | 4 | (1.7%) | 5 | (0.2%) | |
| Vasopressin (Units) | 1.2 | (4.6) | 0.3 | (1.6) | 0.003 |
Continuous variables, displayed on a single row, are expressed as mean (standard deviation), and compared with the t-test. Categorical variables, displayed with one row per level of the variable, are expressed as counts (%) and compared with chi-square test.
AKI, acute kidney injury; MAP, mean arterial pressure; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; CV, coefficient of variation.