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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Feb 1.
Published in final edited form as: Acta Neuropathol. 2020 Nov 23;141(2):139–158. doi: 10.1007/s00401-020-02244-5

Figure 4. Dendritic tree and spine morphology changes associated with intellectual ability.

Figure 4.

The model depicts a pyramidal neuron displaying high dendritic spine density, which is correlated with higher levels of intelligence. Lower scores on the IQ assessment, < 70, are associated with lower dendritic arbor complexity as well as decreased spine density in numerous brain regions. These morphological characteristics are highly correlated with scores on the IQ assessment and likely underlie the functional outcomes associated with ID.