Table 1.
Characteristics of the sample (percentages and means) at baseline by age-gender group
| Variable | Overall (N=4096) % or mean (SD) | Male 15–17 (N=1170, 28.6%) % or mean (SD) | Female 15–17 (N=1359, 33.2%) % or mean (SD) | Male 18–19 (N=895, 21.9%) % or mean (SD) | Female 18–19 (N=672, 16.4%) % or mean (SD) | Statistic F or chi-square, (df) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Endogenous Variables | ||||||
| Has depressive symptoms (% meeting threshold) | 38.62 | 35.37 | 40.79 | 38.02 | 40.74 | χ2(3,N = 3931) = 8.94* |
| Mean depression composite score (CESD-R) (range = 0–60, sum of 20 items, high scores | 14.42 (12.47) | 13.56 (11.91) | 14.96 (12.82) | 14.17 (12.38) | 15.18 (12.77) | F(3,3927) = 3.53* |
| indicate higher symptomatology) | ||||||
| Mean QOL social-physical health factor (mean of 10 items on a 5-point scale 1=poor, 5=good) | 3.80 (0.76) | 3.89 (0.77) | 3.88 (0.72) | 3.65 (0.78) | 3.64 (0.76) | F(3,4060) = 32.56*** |
| Mean QOL psychological-environmental factor (mean of 9 items on a 5-point scale 1=poor, 5=good) | 3.09 (0.70) | 3.13 (0.70) | 3.08 (0.68) | 3.06 (0.70) | 3.06 (0.71) | F(3,4055) = 2.77* |
| Mean anticipated HIV stigma (range=0 – 2, mean of 5 items coded 0 =”no”, 1=”don’t know”, 2=”yes”) | 0.78 (0.52) | 0.79 (0.54) | 0.80 (0.51) | 0.77 (0.54) | 0.71 (0.51) | F(3,4040) = 4.54** |
| Considers oneself at risk for HIV infection (% yes) | 22.85 | 19.30 | 18.46 | 29.81 | 28.50 | χ2(3,N = 3869) = 56.80*** |
| Primary Exogenous Variable | ||||||
| Sexual risk behavior (%) | χ2(6, N = 3804) = 585.98*** | |||||
| Never had sex | 58.60 | 70.61 | 75.30 | 35.33 | 33.98 | |
| Less riskya | 15.93 | 8.41 | 10.72 | 22.49 | 31.24 | |
| More risky | 25.47 | 20.98 | 13.98 | 42.18 | 34.78 | |
| Other Exogenous Variables | ||||||
| You or partner ever been pregnant (% yes) | 9.45 | 2.07 | 5.86 | 6.88 | 32.98 | χ2(3, N = 4062) = 532.57*** |
| Orphan (% any type of orphanb) | 41.70 | 40.79 | 36.92 | 45.32 | 48.13 | χ2(3, N = 4062) = 29.14*** |
| Currently in school or completed secondary (% yes) | 83.25 | 92.74 | 92.13 | 69.39 | 67.26 | χ2(3, N = 4096) = 398.88*** |
| Ever married (% yes) | 1.99 | 0.17 | 0.67 | 0.68 | 9.60 | χ2(3, N = 4064) = 237.06*** |
| Attends religious service once a week or more frequently (% yes) | 53.35 | 51.15 | 61.75 | 42.23 | 55.01 | χ2(3, N = 4090) = 85.94*** |
| Religious affiliation (%) | χ2(6, N = 4092) = 66.98*** | |||||
| Roman Catholic | 24.95 | 22.16 | 24.01 | 26.62 | 29.51 | |
| Protestant or other Christian | 68.99 | 71.00 | 72.46 | 62.98 | 66.47 | |
| Muslim, other, or none | 6.06 | 6.84 | 3.53 | 10.40 | 4.02 | |
| Region (%) | χ2(6, N = 4096) = 9.03 | |||||
| Subcounty 1 | 26.81 | 29.57 | 25.17 | 25.92 | 26.49 | |
| Subcounty 2 | 35.55 | 34.10 | 35.47 | 37.77 | 35.27 | |
| Subcounty 3 | 37.65 | 36.32 | 39.37 | 36.31 | 38.24 |
Notes. CESD-R = Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale Revised. QOL = Quality of Life. F-statistic was from one-way ANOVAs testing differences in means. Chi-square was from frequency cross-tabulations of categorical variables.
a
”Less risky” refers to having used a condom at last sex and having had fewer than two partners in the past 12 months. “More risky” refers to no condom use at last sex and/or having had two or more partners in the past 12 months.
b
”Any type of orphan” includes maternal, paternal or double/total orphans.
*
p < 0.05;
**
p < 0.01;
***
p < 0.001