. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Jul 1.

Published in final edited form as: Spinal Cord. 2020 Jul 21;59(1):63–73. doi: 10.1038/s41393-020-0523-6

Table 2.

Objective outcomes at baseline and six months, by group

Outcome Measure	N		Control Group			Exercise Group			Tx Effect	p-value²	Cohen’s d
Outcome Measure	Baseline	6mo	Baseline	6mo	Diff.¹	Baseline	6mo	Diff.¹	Tx Effect	p-value²	Cohen’s d
Cardiorespiratory Fitness Test Results
V̇O_{2 peak} (mL/kg)	15	13	13.9³	12.7	−0.1	13.4³	13.8	0.0	0.1	.920	0.06
Resting heart rate (BPM)	15	13	71.9	75.1	2.9	79.1	82.5	4.0	1.1	.867	0.13
Maximum Exercise heart rate (BPM)	15	13	151	157	12	147	119⁴	−25	−37	.284	−1.14
Maximum respiratory exchange ratio	15	13	1.19	1.19	−0.02	1.15	1.22	0.01	0.03	.810*	0.20
Maximum Rating of Perceived Exertion	15	13	18.4	17.4	−0.9	17.1	16.7	−0.5	0.4	.809	0.16
Total Exercise Time (minutes)	15	13	11.6	11.4	0.3	10.2	10.4	−0.4	−0.7	.590*	−0.37
Power Output (W)	15	13	73.8	67.1	−2.9	68.6	73.3	0.0	2.9	.660	0.30

Cardiometabolic Risk Factors
Weight (lbs)	15	13	194	197	2	201	206	−2	−3	.607	−0.43
Body Mass Index	15	13	29.3	29.9	0.3	29.3	30.1	0.7	0.4	.664	0.38
Waist (inches)	15	13	43.1	43.7	−0.3	43.0	42.7	−1.1	−0.8	.715	−0.30
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)	15	13	116	125	9	125	125	3	−6	.472	−0.50
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)	15	13	74.5	77.7	2.6	79.6	79.0	2.0	−0.6	.898	−0.08
Fasting HDL (mg/dl)	15	13	41.6	40.0	−0.1	39.4	37.8	0.8	1	.777	0.20
Fasting LDL (mg/dl)	15	13	121	125	−2	119	110	−7	−5	.790	−0.23
Fasting Triglycerides (mg/dl)	15	13	112	122	6	141	173	20	15	.656*	0.36
HDL:LDL	15	13	0.37	0.33	0.00	0.34	0.34	0.00	−0.00	.988	−0.01
Total Cholesterol:HDL	15	13	4.67	4.86	−0.07	5.01	5.19	−0.03	0.05	.947	0.06
Total Triglyceride:HDL	15	13	2.95	3.25	0.09	4.06	5.87	1.34	1.25	.513*	0.61
Insulin Sensitivity Index	14	13	5.89	6.64	0.93	4.28	5.05	−0.13	−1.07	.402	−0.59
HOMA-Insulin Resistance	14	13	1.95	1.70	−0.33	4.03	4.19	0.41	0.74	.437	0.71
DXA Fat Mass (g)	15	13	76.9	81.6	1.6	77.1	77.4	−0.1	−1.7	.736	−0.30
DXA Lean Mass (g)	15	13	105	103	−1	111	116	−1	−0	.957	−0.04

Notes: Effect sizes of 0.5 or more in the expected direction are bolded. BPM = beats per minute

^1.

Mean difference based on all participants who had both a baseline and 6-month value for the specified measure

^2.

T-test significance (equal variances not assumed). Starred p-values failed the Shapiro-Wilk test for normality.

^3.

Baseline means for V̇O_{2 peak} after excluding the two cases without 6-month data are 12.9 (controls) and 13.8 (exercise group).

Two participants with HR = 0, these are missing values and not an indication of cardiac arrest.