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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Mar 1.
Published in final edited form as: AIDS. 2021 Mar 1;35(3):359–367. doi: 10.1097/QAD.0000000000002753

Table 3.

Evidence supporting the kidney as a reservoir for HIV-1.

Findings References
Detection of HIV-1 nucleic acids in renal biopsies of patients with HIVAN [3, 4, 9, 81–83]
Phylogenetic analysis of HIV-1 sequences in kidney biopsies of patients with HIVAN [4]
HIV-1 shedding and sequence compartmentalization in urine of PLWH [46, 84]
Infection of HIV-1 negative allograft kidneys in PLWH undergoing kidney transplantation [5]
Detection of donor and recipient HIV-1 strains in urine, renal epithelial cells and allograft kidney biopsy following HIV+ to HIV+ kidney transplantation [18]