Table 3.
Adjusted expected change (95% confidence interval) for birth outcomes per doubling of blood metal concentrations among 125 mother-infants pairs overall and by infant sex (male N=68; female N=57)
| Blood metals | Gestational age (weeks)a | Birthweight (g)a | Birth length (cm)a | Head circumference (cm)a | Ponderal index (kg/m3)a |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cadmium (μg/L) | |||||
| Overall | 0.32 (−0.09, 0.74) | 47 (−78, 172) | 0.27 (−0.35, 0.89) | 0.29 (−0.08, 0.65) | 0.24 (−0.63, 1.11) |
| Male infants | 0.21 (−0.36, 0.78) | 60 (−112, 232) | 0.39 (−0.46, 1.24) | 0.14 (−0.36, 0.65) | −0.08 (−1.27, 1.11) |
| Female infants | 0.42 (−0.12, 0.97) | 35 (−129, 200) | 0.15 (−0.66, 0.97) | 0.42 (−0.07, 0.90) | 0.53 (−0.61, 1.67) |
| P-value for interaction | 0.58 | 0.83 | 0.68 | 0.41 | 0.44 |
| Lead (μg/dL) | |||||
| Overall | −0.13 (−0.53, 0.28) | −94 (−214, 25) | −0.08 (−0.68, 0.52) | −0.29 (−0.65, 0.06) | −0.73 (−1.56, 0.10) |
| Male infants | 0.26 (−0.20, 0.73) | 34 (−103, 172) | 0.53 (−0.16, 1.22) | 0.07 (−0.33, 0.48) | −0.57 (−1.56, 0.41) |
| Female infants | −0.98 (−1.67, −0.30)* | −381 (−583, −178)* | −1.44 (−2.45, −0.42)* | −1.10 (−1.70, −0.50)* | −1.07 (−2.53, 0.39) |
| P-value for interaction | < 0.01* | < 0.01* | < 0.01* | < 0.01* | 0.58 |
| Manganese (μg/L) | |||||
| Overall | −0.29 (−1.07, 0.48) | −53 (−286, 180) | 0.08 (−1.08, 1.23) | 0.08 (−1.08, 1.23) | −0.56 (−2.18, 1.05) |
| Male infants | −0.45 (−1.57, 0.66) | −158 (−492, 176) | −0.20 (−1.86, 1.47) | −0.11 (−1.10, 0.88) | −0.78 (−3.10, 1.54) |
| Female infants | −0.14 (−1.23, 0.94) | 47 (−279, 373) | 0.34 (−1.29, 1.96) | −0.40 (−1.36, 0.57) | −0.36 (−2.62, 1.91) |
| P-value for interaction | 0.70 | 0.39 | 0.66 | 0.68 | 0.80 |
| Selenium (μg/L) | |||||
| Overall | 0.89 (−1.09, 2.87) | 412 (−181, 1004) | −1.26 (−4.21, 1.69) | 0.60 (−1.16, 2.36) | 5.17 (1.13, 9.20)* |
| Male infants | 1.51 (−1.04, 4.06) | 786 (26, 1545)* | 1.22 (−2.53, 4.98) | 0.84 (−1.44, 3.11) | 3.69 (−1.51, 8.89) |
| Female infants | 0.01 (−3.06, 3.07) | −129 (−1039, 781) | −4.86 (−9.36, −0.36)* | 0.26 (−2.47, 2.99) | 7.29 (1.06, 13.53)* |
| P-value for interaction | 0.46 | 0.13 | 0.04* | 0.75 | 0.38 |
| Total mercury (μg/L) | |||||
| Overall | 0.14 (−0.16, 0.44) | −88 (−177, 0) | 0.03 (−0.42, 0.48) | 0.05 (−0.22, 0.31) | −0.53 (−1.14, 0.09) |
| Male infants | 0.16 (−0.25, 0.57) | −48 (−168, 73) | 0.30 (−0.31, 0.91) | 0.02 (−0.34, 0.38) | −0.59 (−1.43, 0.26) |
| Female infants | 0.12 (−0.28, 0.52) | −127 (−247, −9)* | −0.23 (−0.83, 0.37) | 0.07 (−0.29, 0.43) | −0.47 (−1.30, 0.36) |
| P-value for interaction | 0.55 | 0.33 | 0.20 | 0.84 | 0.84 |
*
P-value <0.05.
a
Models adjusted for maternal age (<20, 20–25, 26–30, 30–35, 35+ years), race/ethnicity (white, African American or black, other race), education (< high school, high school graduate, >high school), income (≤$29999, $30000–$74999, ≥$75000), smoking status during pregnancy (yes, no), number of prior livebirths, continuous body mass index (kg/m2), and infant sex (male, female).