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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Feb 1.
Published in final edited form as: Environ Int. 2021 Jan 12;147:106373. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106373

Table 3.

Adjusted expected change (95% confidence interval) for birth outcomes per doubling of blood metal concentrations among 125 mother-infants pairs overall and by infant sex (male N=68; female N=57)

Blood metals Gestational age (weeks)a Birthweight (g)a Birth length (cm)a Head circumference (cm)a Ponderal index (kg/m3)a

Cadmium (μg/L)
 Overall 0.32 (−0.09, 0.74) 47 (−78, 172) 0.27 (−0.35, 0.89) 0.29 (−0.08, 0.65) 0.24 (−0.63, 1.11)
 Male infants 0.21 (−0.36, 0.78) 60 (−112, 232) 0.39 (−0.46, 1.24) 0.14 (−0.36, 0.65) −0.08 (−1.27, 1.11)
 Female infants 0.42 (−0.12, 0.97) 35 (−129, 200) 0.15 (−0.66, 0.97) 0.42 (−0.07, 0.90) 0.53 (−0.61, 1.67)
P-value for interaction 0.58 0.83 0.68 0.41 0.44
Lead (μg/dL)
 Overall −0.13 (−0.53, 0.28) −94 (−214, 25) −0.08 (−0.68, 0.52) −0.29 (−0.65, 0.06) −0.73 (−1.56, 0.10)
 Male infants 0.26 (−0.20, 0.73) 34 (−103, 172) 0.53 (−0.16, 1.22) 0.07 (−0.33, 0.48) −0.57 (−1.56, 0.41)
 Female infants −0.98 (−1.67, −0.30)* −381 (−583, −178)* −1.44 (−2.45, −0.42)* −1.10 (−1.70, −0.50)* −1.07 (−2.53, 0.39)
P-value for interaction < 0.01* < 0.01* < 0.01* < 0.01* 0.58
Manganese (μg/L)
 Overall −0.29 (−1.07, 0.48) −53 (−286, 180) 0.08 (−1.08, 1.23) 0.08 (−1.08, 1.23) −0.56 (−2.18, 1.05)
 Male infants −0.45 (−1.57, 0.66) −158 (−492, 176) −0.20 (−1.86, 1.47) −0.11 (−1.10, 0.88) −0.78 (−3.10, 1.54)
 Female infants −0.14 (−1.23, 0.94) 47 (−279, 373) 0.34 (−1.29, 1.96) −0.40 (−1.36, 0.57) −0.36 (−2.62, 1.91)
P-value for interaction 0.70 0.39 0.66 0.68 0.80
Selenium (μg/L)
 Overall 0.89 (−1.09, 2.87) 412 (−181, 1004) −1.26 (−4.21, 1.69) 0.60 (−1.16, 2.36) 5.17 (1.13, 9.20)*
 Male infants 1.51 (−1.04, 4.06) 786 (26, 1545)* 1.22 (−2.53, 4.98) 0.84 (−1.44, 3.11) 3.69 (−1.51, 8.89)
 Female infants 0.01 (−3.06, 3.07) −129 (−1039, 781) −4.86 (−9.36, −0.36)* 0.26 (−2.47, 2.99) 7.29 (1.06, 13.53)*
P-value for interaction 0.46 0.13 0.04* 0.75 0.38
Total mercury (μg/L)
 Overall 0.14 (−0.16, 0.44) −88 (−177, 0) 0.03 (−0.42, 0.48) 0.05 (−0.22, 0.31) −0.53 (−1.14, 0.09)
 Male infants 0.16 (−0.25, 0.57) −48 (−168, 73) 0.30 (−0.31, 0.91) 0.02 (−0.34, 0.38) −0.59 (−1.43, 0.26)
 Female infants 0.12 (−0.28, 0.52) −127 (−247, −9)* −0.23 (−0.83, 0.37) 0.07 (−0.29, 0.43) −0.47 (−1.30, 0.36)
P-value for interaction 0.55 0.33 0.20 0.84 0.84
*

P-value <0.05.

a

Models adjusted for maternal age (<20, 20–25, 26–30, 30–35, 35+ years), race/ethnicity (white, African American or black, other race), education (< high school, high school graduate, >high school), income (≤$29999, $30000–$74999, ≥$75000), smoking status during pregnancy (yes, no), number of prior livebirths, continuous body mass index (kg/m2), and infant sex (male, female).