Table 4.

Adjusted relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for ASD (versus TD) in association with prenatal maternal PFAS concentrations, with log 2-transformation, stratified by child’s sex and maternal age at delivery.

log 2-transformed PFAS (ng/mL) or principal component	RR(95% CI)		p-value a
Child’s sex b	Females c	Males d
PFOA	1.20 (0.79, 1.80)	1.25 (0.87, 1.81)	0.91
PFOS	0.99 (0.64, 1.54)	1.07 (0.77, 1.48)	0.86
PFHxS	0.80 (0.68, 0.95)	1.04 (0.81, 1.33)	0.31
PFNA	1.25 (0.76, 2.06)	1.20 (0.82, 1.76)	0.66
PC-1	1.00 (0.77, 1.31)	1.10 (0.90, 1.35)	0.80
Maternal age at delivery e	< 35 years f	≥ 35 years g
PFOA	0.91 (0.61, 1.35)	2.29 (1.30, 4.04)	0.04
PFOS	0.65 (0.44, 0.98)	1.67 (1.03, 2.71)	0.02
PFHxS	0.72 (0.59, 0.89)	1.30 (0.90, 1.89)	0.08
PFNA	0.90 (0.58, 1.39)	2.16 (1.23, 3.78)	0.05
PC-1	0.83 (0.68, 1.01)	1.61 (1.16, 2.23)	0.01

^aP-value for interaction term of PFAS with each potential effect modifier (potential effect modifiers and an interaction term were added as additional terms in the regression model, along with other covariates).

^bAdjusted for child’s birth year, homeownership, maternal education, and maternal vitamin intake in the first month of pregnancy.

^cFemales (n = 71; TD = 54, ASD = 17)

^dMales (n = 102; TD = 62, ASD = 40).

^eAdjusted for child’s sex and birth year, homeownership, maternal education, and maternal vitamin intake in the first month of pregnancy.

^f< 35 years (n = 93; TD = 62, ASD = 31)

^g≥ 35 years (n = 80; TD = 54, ASD = 26).