Table 1.
Association between metabolite patterns with systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP, mmHg), Coefficient (95% confidence interval)
| Metabolite pattern | Metabolites contributing to each pattern | Eigenvalue | Variance explained | SBP | DBP | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | |||||
| Pattern 1 (nucleotide, amino acid, and peptide) | pseudouridine; 2,3-dihydroxy-5-methylthio-4-pentenoate (DMTPA); N-acetylthreonine; N,N-dimethyl-pro-pro; C-glycosyltryptophan; | orotidine; hydroxy-N6,N6,N6-trimethyllysine; 5,6-dihydrouridine; dimethylarginine (ADMA + SDMA); N6-acetyllysine | 84.19 | 9.63% | 1.81 (−0.24, 3.86) | 1.58 (−0.44, 3.60) | 0.24 (−1.01, 1.49) | 0.06 (−1.16, 1.28) |
| Pattern 2 (lipids, especially long-chain fatty acids) | linoleate (18:2n6); palmitate (16:0); oleate/vaccenate (18:1); 10-heptadecenoate (17:1n7); docosapentaenoate (DPA; 22:5n3); hexadecadienoate (16:2n6); | 10-nonadecenoate (19:1n9); margarate (17:0); dihomolinoleate (20:2n6); dihomolinolenate (20:3n3 or 3n6) | 41.83 | 4.79% | 2.23 (0.72, 3.74)** | 1.88 (0.38, 3.38)* | 1.72 (0.81, 2.63)** | 1.45 (0.55, 2.35)** |
| Pattern 3 (sphingomyelins, eicosanoid, short-chain fatty acids, and branched-chain amino acids) | sphingomyelin (d18:2/23:0, d18:1/23:1, d17:1/24:1); 3-methyl-2-oxobutyrate; leukotriene B4; 5-HETE; methionine sulfoxide; butyrate/isobutyrate (4:0); | 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate; 1-(1-enyl-oleoyl)-GPE (P-18:1); 1-(1-enyl-palmitoyl)-GPE (P-16:0); 3-methyl-2-oxovalerate | 40.99 | 4.69% | 0.24 (−1.57, 2.05) | −0.02 (−1.80, 1.77) | 0.14 (−0.96, 1.24) | −0.05 (−1.13, 1.02) |
Patterns were derived from principal component analysis followed by a varimax rotation of 874 metabolites (n=434). Coefficient indicates BP associated with each 1SD of metabolites pattern score in linear regression. Contributing metabolites are metabolites with the highest absolute loadings for the respective pattern (Table S2). Model 1 was adjusted for age, sex, provinces, batch, urbanization index (≤64.2, 64.2–81.5, >81.5), per-capita household income (≤10, 10–21.6, >21.6), education, total energy intake, animal-source food, sodium, physical activity (≤57.4, 57.4–152, >152), smoking, alcohol, and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Model 2 was additionally adjusted for BMI.
, p-value < 0.05;
, p-value<0.01.