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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Feb 1.
Published in final edited form as: Hypertension. 2020 Dec 21;77(2):706–717. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.16154

Table 3.

Association between individual metabolites and diastolic blood pressure (DBP, mmHg)

Metabolites Pathway Loading in lipid pattern* Model 1 Model 2
Coefficient (95% CI) q-value Coefficient (95% CI) q-value
lignoceroyl sphingomyelin (d18:1/24:0)† Sphingomyelins ─ 4.85 (3.19, 6.52) 2E-05 4.28 (2.62, 5.93) 0.001
behenoyl sphingomyelin (d18:1/22:0)† Sphingomyelins ─ 6.16 (3.9, 8.43) 1E-04 5.09 (2.8, 7.39) 0.004
tricosanoyl sphingomyelin (d18:1/23:0)† Sphingomyelins ─ 4.95 (3.11, 6.8) 1E-04 4.12 (2.26, 5.98) 0.004
cerotoylcarnitine (C26)† Fatty Acid Metabolism (Acyl Carnitine, Long Chain Saturated) 0.42 3.09 (1.71, 4.46) 0.003 2.79 (1.45, 4.14) 0.008
Corticosterone Corticosteroids ─ −1.39 (−2.02, −0.77) 0.003 −1.11 (−1.74, −0.49) 0.033
dihomolinolenate (20:3n3 or 3n6)† Long Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid (n3 and n6) 0.73 3.28 (1.77, 4.79) 0.004 2.83 (1.34, 4.31) 0.020
sphingomyelin (d18:2/24:2)† Sphingomyelins ─ 2.8 (1.51, 4.09) 0.004 2.75 (1.5, 4) 0.004
myristoylcarnitine (C14)† Fatty Acid Metabolism (Acyl Carnitine, Long Chain Saturated) 0.53 2.15 (1.13, 3.17) 0.005 2.19 (1.2, 3.18) 0.004
cortolone glucuronide (1) Corticosteroids ─ 2.34 (1.22, 3.45) 0.005 1.7 (0.56, 2.83) 0.112
behenoyl dihydrosphingomyelin (d18:0/22:0) Dihydrosphingomyelins ─ 1.84 (0.95, 2.72) 0.006 1.2 (0.27, 2.14) 0.182
sphingomyelin (d18:1/21:0, d17:1/22:0, d16:1/23:0)† Sphingomyelins ─ 3.85 (1.96, 5.74) 0.007 2.73 (0.79, 4.67) 0.133
1-palmitoyl-2-linoleoyl-GPI (16:0/18:2)† Phosphatidylinositol (PI) ─ 3.46 (1.75, 5.18) 0.007 3.11 (1.43, 4.79) 0.024
cis-4-decenoylcarnitine (C10:1) Fatty Acid Metabolism (Acyl Carnitine, Monounsaturated) 0.44 1.47 (0.73, 2.21) 0.008 1.52 (0.81, 2.24) 0.006
laurylcarnitine (C12)† Fatty Acid Metabolism (Acyl Carnitine, Medium Chain) 0.49 1.63 (0.8, 2.46) 0.009 1.72 (0.91, 2.52) 0.006
linoleate (18:2n6) Long Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid (n3 and n6) 0.80 2.65 (1.26, 4.04) 0.013 2.44 (1.08, 3.81) 0.030
decanoylcarnitine (C10) Fatty Acid Metabolism (Acyl Carnitine, Medium Chain) 0.48 1.43 (0.67, 2.19) 0.014 1.46 (0.72, 2.2) 0.013
1-palmitoleoylglycerol (16:1)† Monoacylglycerol 0.57 1.45 (0.68, 2.23) 0.014 1.05 (0.27, 1.84) 0.157
palmitate (16:0) Long Chain Saturated Fatty Acid 0.80 3.51 (1.62, 5.41) 0.014 3.11 (1.26, 4.97) 0.054
cis-4-decenoate Medium Chain Fatty Acid ─ 2.06 (0.95, 3.17) 0.014 2.03 (0.95, 3.11) 0.021
1-myristoyl-2-arachidonoyl-GPC (14:0/20:4)† Phosphatidylcholine (PC) ─ 2.29 (1.05, 3.53) 0.014 1.59 (0.33, 2.85) 0.188
5-dodecenoylcarnitine (C12:1) Fatty Acid Metabolism (Acyl Carnitine, Monounsaturated) 0.50 1.43 (0.66, 2.2) 0.014 1.53 (0.78, 2.29) 0.009
1-dihomo-linoleoylglycerol (20:2) Monoacylglycerol 0.64 1.39 (0.62, 2.15) 0.018 1.06 (0.3, 1.83) 0.141
octanoylcarnitine (C8) Fatty Acid Metabolism (Acyl Carnitine, Medium Chain) 0.51 1.74 (0.78, 2.71) 0.018 1.83 (0.9, 2.77) 0.014
1-linoleoylglycerol (18:2) Monoacylglycerol 0.63 1.54 (0.68, 2.39) 0.018 1.14 (0.28, 2) 0.161
1-dihomo-linolenylglycerol (20:3) Monoacylglycerol 0.66 1.49 (0.65, 2.33) 0.020 1.02 (0.17, 1.87) 0.225
palmitoylcarnitine (C16)† Fatty Acid Metabolism (Acyl Carnitine, Long Chain Saturated) 0.50 3.57 (1.55, 5.59) 0.021 3.33 (1.36, 5.3) 0.051
tetrahydrocortisone glucuronide (5) Corticosteroids ─ 1.65 (0.7, 2.6) 0.024 1.22 (0.27, 2.17) 0.182
1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl-GPI (16:0/20:4)† Phosphatidylinositol (PI) ─ 2.6 (1.11, 4.1) 0.024 2.19 (0.72, 3.67) 0.112
sphingomyelin (d18:2/16:0, d18:1/16:1)† Sphingomyelins ─ 5.09 (2.15, 8.03) 0.024 3.9 (0.97, 6.82) 0.161
hexanoylcarnitine (C6) Fatty Acid Metabolism (Acyl Carnitine, Medium Chain) 0.55 1.79 (0.75, 2.83) 0.025 1.83 (0.82, 2.84) 0.027
sphingomyelin (d18:2/14:0, d18:1/14:1)† Sphingomyelins ─ 3.31 (1.38, 5.24) 0.025 2.36 (0.42, 4.3) 0.217
1-arachidonoyl-GPI (20:4) Lysophospholipid 0.55 3.53 (1.46, 5.6) 0.026 2.99 (0.95, 5.02) 0.118
sphingomyelin (d18:1/14:0, d16:1/16:0)† Sphingomyelins ─ 3.95 (1.63, 6.27) 0.026 2.65 (0.29, 5.01) 0.279
cholesterol† Sterol ─ 4.78 (1.98, 7.59) 0.026 4.15 (1.4, 6.9) 0.112
2-palmitoleoylglycerol (16:1) Monoacylglycerol 0.46 1.14 (0.46, 1.82) 0.031 0.81 (0.13, 1.5) 0.237
hydantoin-5-propionate Histidine Metabolism ─ 1.45 (0.58, 2.32) 0.032 1.32 (0.47, 2.17) 0.094
1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl-GPC (16:0/20:4n6)† Phosphatidylcholine (PC) ─ 3.94 (1.55, 6.33) 0.035 2.94 (0.55, 5.32) 0.206
p-cresol sulfate Benzoate Metabolism ─ −1.01 (−1.63, −0.4) 0.036 −0.88 (−1.48, −0.27) 0.118
palmitoleate (16:1n7) Long Chain Monounsaturated Fatty Acid 0.70 1.8 (0.69, 2.91) 0.040 1.71 (0.63, 2.79) 0.077

CI, confidence interval. Coefficient indicates DBP (mmHg) associated with a fold increase of the abundance of a given metabolite in linear regression (n=434). Model 1 was adjusted for age, sex, provinces, batch, urbanization index (≤64.2, 64.2–81.5, >81.5), per-capita household income (≤10, 10–21.6, >21.6), education, total energy intake, animal-source food, sodium, physical activity (≤57.4, 57.4–152, >152), smoking, alcohol, and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Model 2 was additionally adjusted for BMI.

*

Pattern was derived from principal component analysis followed by a varix rotation. Loadings > 0.4 are listed.

†

Metabolites also associated with systolic blood pressure.