Table 1.
Study characteristics.
| Study | Diagnosis | Control Group | Sample Size | Mean Age | Training Paradigm | Timing | Transfer | Behavioral Outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alegria et al. (2017) | ADHD | Sham Feedback | 31 (EG = 18, CG = 13) | 13.90 |
ROI = rIFG Feedback = PSC Direction = increase Frequency = continuous Instructions = implicit |
4 sessions, 55 min total | Yes | ADHD Symptoms Motor Inhibition Sustained Attention Time Perception |
| Bauer et al. (2020) | SZ | Sham Feedback | 11 (EG = 11, CG = 11) | 43.50 |
ROI = DMN-CEN Feedback = connectivity Direction = decrease Frequency = continuous Instructions = explicit |
1 session, 8 min total | Yes | Auditory Hallucinations |
| Hamilton et al. (2016) | MDD | Sham Feedback | 20 (EG = 10, CG = 10) | 32.85 |
ROI = salience network Feedback = PSC Direction = decrease Frequency = intermittent Instructions = explicit |
1 session, 5.4 min total | Yes | Mood |
| Hartwell et al. (2016) | Nicotine Dependence | No Feedback | 33 (EG = 16, CG = 17) | 35.18 |
ROI = ACC/PFC Feedback = PSC Direction = decrease Frequency = intermittent Instructions = explicit |
3 sessions, 16.5 min total | No | Craving |
| Jaeckle et al. (2019) | MDD | No Feedback | 35 (EG = 19, CG = 16) | 37.15 |
ROI = ATL & SCC Feedback = connectivity Direction = decrease Frequency = continuous Instructions = explicit |
3 sessions, 33.6 min total | No | Depression Mood Self-Blame Self-Esteem |
| Linden et al. (2012) | MDD | No Feedback | 16 (EG = 8, CG = 8) | 48.44 |
ROI = VLPFC, insula, DLPFC, MTL, OFC Feedback = PSC Direction = increase Frequency = continuous Instructions = implicit |
4 sessions, 42 min total | No | Depression Mood |
| Mehler et al. (2018) | MDD | Sham Feedback | 32 (EG = 16, CG = 16) | 47.07 |
ROI = variable Feedback = PSC Direction = increase Frequency = continuous Instructions = explicit |
4 sessions, 32 min total | Yes | Anxiety Depression Motivation Self-Efficacy Thought Control |
| Misaki et al. (2018) | PTSD | Sham Feedback | 22 (EG = 16, CG = 6) | 30.27 |
ROI = left amygdala Feedback = PSC Direction = increase Frequency = continuous Instructions = explicit |
3 sessions, 24 min total | Yes | Anxiety |
| Sukhodolsky et al. (2020) | Tourette’s Disorder | Sham Feedback | 21 (EG = 11, CG = 10) | 16.05 |
ROI = SMA Feedback = PSC Direction = both Frequency = continuous Instructions = explicit |
2 sessions, 57.2 min total | Yes | Tic Severity |
| Young et al. (2014) | MDD | Sham Feedback | 21 (EG = 14, CG = 7) | 37.33 |
ROI = left amygdala Feedback = PSC Direction = increase Frequency = continuous Instructions = explicit |
1 session, 8 min total | Yes | Anxiety Mood |
| Young et al. (2017) | MDD | Sham Feedback | 33 (EG = 18, CG = 15) | 31.55 |
ROI = left amygdala Feedback = PSC Direction = increase Frequency = continuous Instructions = explicit |
2 sessions, 16 min total | Yes | Anhedonia Anxiety Depression Memory |
| Zahn et al. (2019) | MDD | Sham Feedback | 28 (EG = 14, CG = 14) | 45.20 |
ROI = ATL & SCC Feedback = connectivity Direction = increase Frequency = continuous Instructions = explicit |
1 session, 8 min total | No | Depression Guilt Indignation Mood Self-Esteem |
| Zilverstand et al. (2015) | Specific Phobia | No Feedback | 18 (EG = 9, CG = 9) | 21.20 |
ROI = DLPFC, insula Feedback = PSC Direction = both Frequency = intermittent Instructions = explicit |
1 session, 5 min total | No | Anxiety Spider Fear |
| Zilverstand et al. (2017) | ADHD | No Feedback | 13 (EG = 7, CG = 6) | 36.68 |
ROI = dorsal ACC Feedback = PSC Direction = increase Frequency = continuous Instructions = explicit |
4 sessions, 48 min total | Yes | ADHD Symptoms Cognitive Interference Sustained Attention Working Memory |
| Zotev et al. (2016) | MDD | Sham Feedback | 24 (EG = 13, CG = 11) | 37.79 |
ROI = left amygdala Feedback = PSC Direction = increase Frequency = continuous Instructions = explicit |
1 session, 8 min total | Yes | Anxiety Mood |
| Zotev et al. (2018) | PTSD | Sham Feedback | 28 (EG = 18, CG = 10) | 33.09 |
ROI = left amygdala Feedback = PSC Direction = increase Frequency = continuous Instructions = explicit |
3 sessions, 24 min total | Yes | Depression PTSD Symptoms |
| Zotev et al. (2020) | MDD | Sham Feedback | 24 (EG = 16, CG = 8) | 32.67 |
ROI = left amygdala Feedback = PSC Direction = increase Frequency = continuous Instructions = explicit |
1 session, 8 min total | Yes | Anxiety Mood |
Note. Abbreviations in alphabetical order: ACC = anterior cingulate cortex; ADHD = attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; ATL = anterior temporal lobe; CEN = central executive network; CG = control group; DLPFC = dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; DMN = default mode network; EG = experimental group; MDD = major depressive disorder; MTL = medial temporal lobe; OFC = orbitofrontal cortex; PFC = prefrontal cortex; PSC = percent signal change; PTSD = posttraumatic stress disorder; ROI = region of interest; SCC = subgenual cingulate cortex; SMA = supplementary motor area; SZ = schizophrenia; VLPFC = ventrolateral prefrontal cortex.