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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Feb 1.
Published in final edited form as: Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2020 Dec 25;121:291–306. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.12.020

Table 4.

Mixed-effects moderator analyses results

Moderator Test Residual Heterogeneity Individual Estimates
Outcome Moderator Level F p R2 Q I2 ES g [95% CI] p
Neural Effect During Transfer Task
Diagnosis 2.61 .182 34.82% 7.04 30.60%
ADHD 2 .34 [−.70, 1.37] .416
MDD 5 1.06 [.36, 1.76] .013
Sessions .43 .535 0% 17.66** 60.57%
Multiple 5 .55 [−.51, 1.61] .249
Single 4 .84 [.63, 1.06] <.0001
Training Minutes 4.29 .084 48.07% 11.49 39.97% 9 b=−.02 [−.04, .004] .084
Symptomsa
Diagnosis 6.06 .039 10.86% 67.87** 46.66%
ADHD 5 .005 [−.01, .02] .514
MDD 47 .39 [.03, .75] .037
Control Condition .00 .948 0% 74.26 38.84%
No Feedback 17 .38 [.03, .74] .037
Sham Feedback 45 .37 [.10, .64] .011
Sessions 1.22 .289 17.08% 69.91 35.27%
Multiple 34 .27 [−.01, .56] .054
Single 28 .50 [.16, .83] .007
Training Minutes 2.52 .136 29.95% 65.89 32.20% 62 b=−.01 [−.02, .003] .136
Instructions .01 .919 .43% 75.04* 38.96%
Explicit 55 .38 [.15, .61] .004
Implicit 7 .35 [−.30, .99] .267
Regulation Direction .39 .686 .63% 73.90* 40.68%
Decrease 15 .42 [.04, .81] .032
Increase 44 .35 [.04, .65] .029
Mixed 3 .49 [.32, .65] <.0001
Neural Signal .69 .421 6.87% 72.15 37.93%
Activation 45 .40 [.14, .66] .006
Connectivity 17 .26 [−.01, .52] .054
RDoC Negative Valence Systemsa
Control Condition .11 .751 0% 38.55 40.08%
No Feedback 8 .51 [−.23, 1.25] .159
Sham Feedback 29 .40 [.09, .70] .016
Sessions .27 .615 11.18% 37.57 38.01%
Multiple 19 .36 [−.10, .81] .108
Single 18 .48 [.15, .82] .010
Training Minutes .09 .776 19.93% 35.84 37.22% 37 b=−.004 [−.04, .03] .776
Regulation Direction .086 .777 2.64% 37.88 43.97%
Decrease 6 .36 [−.21, .93] .181
Increase 29 .44 [.07, .82] .027
Neural Signal 3.18 .112 18.08% 35.98 36.74%
Activation 29 .48 [.13, .83] .013
Connectivity 8 .19 [.04, .33] .021
a

Data were fit with a three-level model.

*

p<.10

**

p<.05