Table 1.
Demographic and Behavioral Characteristics.
| aMCI Group (n = 29) |
Control Group (n = 20) |
Group comparison (p) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SD) | Range | Mean (SD) | Range | ||
| Age | 67.3 (4.9) | 60–78 | 67 (5.1) | 61–79 | U = 272.5 (0.72) |
| Gender (males) | 21 | 13 | 2 = 0.31 (0.58) | ||
| Handedness (right) | 26 | 20 | X2 = 2.20 (0.14) | ||
| Education1 | 5.3 (1.1) | 3–7 | 5.7 (0.7) | 4–7 | U = 237.5 (0.26) |
| “University” level (%)2 | 41.4 | 60 | |||
| MMSE | 28.6 (1.7) | 22–30 | 28.8 (1.1) | 27–30 | U = 287 (0.95) |
| GDS | 8.43 (7.1) | 0–25 | 2.4 (3.6) | 0–12 | U = 110.5 (<0.01)* |
| GDS non-apathy | 6.25 (5.5) | 0–20 | 1.6 (2.6) | 0–9 | U = 115 (<0.01)* |
| AES-C | 31.2 (10.7) | 18–54 | 26.2 (4.6) | 20–38 | U = 223 (0.17) |
| RAVLT IR | 31.6 (7.1) | 17–46 | 41.5 (8.3) | 26–54 | t = −4.4 (<0.01)* |
| RAVLT DR | 5.3 (2.0) | 1–10 | 8.8 (2.7) | 3–13 | t = −5.0 (<0.01)* |
| Digit Span F | 5.7 (1.2) | 4–8 | 6.2 (1.4) | 4–8 | U = 231.5 (0.21) |
| Digit Span B | 4.6 (0.8) | 3–6 | 4.8 (1.0) | 3–7 | U = 277.5 (0.78) |
| SDMT | 46.0 (7.8) | 25–60 | 50.4 (7.7) | 39–64 | t = −1.90 (0.06) |
| TMT A | 38.7 (11.8) | 20–64 | 39.9 (17.8) | 19–90 | U = 269 (0.82) |
| TMT B | 45.3 (26.7) | 17–120 | 43.5 (32.9) | 8–140 | U = 225 (0.48) |
| BNT | 26.7 (2.8) | 20–30 | 26.5 (2.9) | 20.5–30 | U = 276.5 (0.78) |
| Stroop I | 48.3 (9.4) | 30–77 | 46.2 (7.1) | 34–61 | U = 241.5 (0.47) |
| Stroop II | 63.0 (9.6) | 48–87 | 61.4 (8.7) | 49–80 | U = 246.5 (0.54) |
| Stroop Interference | 58.4 (31.9) | 20.5–153.5 | 49.4 (14.5) | 36.5–85 | U = 248 (0.56) |
| Hayling test | 4.0 (1.9) | 1–7 | 4.7 (2.0) | 1–8 | U = 220 (0.20) |
Group comparisons were performed with Student’s T-test or Mann-Whitney U test for continuous data, and Chi-square tests for gender and handedness. 1Education level was rated according to the Dutch education system (Verhage, 1964); 2″University” level (i.e. Verhage 6 “Finished high level of secondary education” and Verhage 7 “University level degree”). aMCI, amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment; MMSE, Mini Mental State Examination; GDS, Geriatric Depression Scale; AES-C, Apathy Evaluation Scale Clinician version; RAVLT-IR, Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test – Immediate Recall; RAVLT-DR, Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test – Delayed Recall; DS, Digit Span Test; SDMT, Symbol Digit Modalities Test; TMT, Trail Making Test; BNT, Boston Naming Test. *Significant at p < .01 (2-tailed).