Table 1.
Characteristics of Included Studies (n = 52)
| Author, Country | Study Dates | Hospital Unit(s) | Population Characteristics | Bacteria | Typing Methodsa |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cabrera [13], USA | 1959–1960 | Ward | Neonatal | F. meningosepticum | Biotyping, serotyping |
| Kohn [50], England | 1963–1964 | Ward | Medical-surgical, burn | P. pyocyanea | Serotyping, pyocin typing |
| Thomas [66], England | 1970 | OR | Surgical | P. aeruginosa, other gram-negative bacteria | Serotyping, phage typing |
| Teres [22], USA | 1970–1972 | ICU | Medical-surgical | P. aeruginosa | Pyocin typing |
| Edmonds [14], USA | 1971-1971 | ICU | Medical-surgical, burn | P. aeruginosa | Serotyping, pyocin typing, phage typing |
| Riser [59], England | 1971–1976 | Ward | Medical-surgical | K. aerogenes | Serotyping |
| Breitfellner [35], Austria | 1973–1974 | Ward | Neonatal, obstetric | E. coli, P. aeruginosa | Antibiotic susceptibility, serotyping |
| Brown [36], USA | NS (pre-1977) | ICU | Neonatal | P. aeruginosa | Pyocin typing |
| Cooke [40], England | NS (pre-1979) | Ward | Medical-surgical, neonatal | K. aerogenes | Serotyping |
| Gunther [47], Germany | NS (pre-1980) | Ward | Medical, pediatric | P. aeruginosa | Pyocin typing |
| Levin [15], USA | NS (pre-1984) | ICU | Medical-surgical | P. aeruginosa | Serotyping |
| Döring [43], Germany | 1988–1989 | ICU | Medical-surgical | P. aeruginosa | Exotoxin A probing |
| Döring [42], Germany | 1989–1989 | Ward | Medical, pediatric, immunocompromised | P. aeruginosa | Exotoxin A probing |
| Döring [44], Germany | 1992–1992 | Ward | Medical | P. aeruginosa, B. cepacia | PFGE |
| Kerr [16], Ireland | 1993-1993 | ICU | Medical | P. aeruginosa | RAPD PCR |
| Bert [34], France | 1995–1997 | ICU | Surgical | P. aeruginosa | PFGE |
| Berthelot [17], France | 1995–1996 | ICU | Medical-surgical, mechanically ventilated | P. aeruginosa | PFGE |
| Pitten [58], Germany | 1997–1998 | ICU, ward | Medical-surgical | P. aeruginosa | PFGE |
| Gillespie [46], Scotland | 1997–1998 | Ward | Medical, immunocompromised | P. aeruginosa | PFGE |
| Lowe [19], Canada | 1997–2011 | ICU, ward | Medical-surgical | K. oxytoca | PFGE |
| Orrett [57], Trinadad | 1998–1998 | ICU | Surgical, neonatal | P. aeruginosa | Antibiotic susceptibility |
| Ahmad [32], Pakistan | 1998–2002 | ICU, ward | Medical, pediatric | B. cepacia | Antibiotic susceptibility |
| Sissoko [63], Germany | 2002–2004 | ICU | Medical | Gram-negative bacteria | Typing not reported |
| Hota [18], Canada | 2004–2006 | ICU | Medical-surgical, immunocompromised | P. aeruginosa | PFGE |
| La Forgia [51], USA | 2004–2008 | ICU | Medical-surgical | A. baumanii | Restriction endonuclease of genomic DNA |
| Johansson [49], Sweden | 2004–2009 | ICU, ward | Medical-surgical, immunocompromised | P. aeruginosa | PFGE, MLVA |
| Schneider [61], Germany | 2004–2010 | Ward | Medical, pediatric, immunocompromised | P. aeruginosa | RAPD PCR |
| Cholley [38], France | 2006–2006 | ICU | Medical-surgical | P. aeruginosa | PFGE |
| Longtin [54], Switzerland | 2006–2008 | ICU | Medical-surgical | P. aeruginosa | PFGE |
| Inglis [48], Australia | 2006–2008 | ICU, ward | Medical-surgical | P. aeruginosa | PFGE |
| Tofteland [67], Norway | 2007–2010 | ICU | Medical-surgical | K. pneumoniae | PFGE |
| Maltezou [56], Greece | 2007–2010 | ICU | Neonatal | S. marscecens | PFGE |
| Salimi [60], Iran | 2008–2008 | ICU | Medical-surgical, burn | P. aeruginosa | PFGE |
| Landelle [52], France | 2008–2009 | ICU, ward | Medical-surgical | A. baumanii | PFGE |
| Stjarne Aspelund [65], Sweden | 2008–2015 | Ward | Medical | P. aeruginosa | PFGE |
| Ling [53], Singapore | 2009–2009 | Ward | Medical, immunocompromised | P. aeruginosa | PFGE |
| Vergara Lopez [68], Spain | 2009–2011 | ICU | Medical-surgical | K. oxytoca | PFGE |
| Kotsanas [23], Australia | 2009–2012 | ICU | Medical-surgical | S. marscecens, K. pneumoniae, E.cloacae, E. coli | PFGE |
| Willmann [70], Germany | 2009–2013 | ICU, ward | Medical, immunocompromised | P. aeruginosa | WGS |
| Starlander [64], Sweden | 2010 | ICU | Surgical | K. pneumoniae | PFGE |
| Zhou [72], China | 2011–2011 | ICU | Surgical | P. aeruginosa | PFGE |
| Amoureux [33], France | 2011–2012 | ICU, ward | Medical-surgical, pediatric | A. xylosoxidans | PFGE |
| Wolf [71], the Netherlands | 2011–2012 | ICU | NS | ESBL-producing gram-negative bacilli | AFLP |
| Lowe [55], Canada | 2011–2012 | Ward | Medical-surgical | K. pneumoniae | PFGE |
| Chapuis [37], France | 2011–2013 | Ward | Medical, immunocompromised | E. cloacae | PFGE |
| Leitner [20], Austria | 2011–2013 | Ward | Medical | K. oxytoca | MLST, rep-PCR |
| Fusch [45], Canada | 2011–2013 | ICU | Neonatal | P. aeruginosa | Typing not reported |
| Wendel [69], Germany | 2011–2014 | ICU, ward | Medical-surgical | P. aeruginosa | PFGE |
| Clarivet [39], France | 2012–2014 | ICU | Medical-surgical | K. pneumoniae | PFGE, rep-PCR |
| Pantel [21], France | 2012–2014 | ICU, OR | NS | K. pneumoniae | MLST, rep-PCR |
| Seara [62], Spain | 2013–2014 | NS | Medical-surgical | K. pneumoniae | PFGE |
| Davis [41], Australia | 2013–2014 | ICU | Neonatal | P. aeruginosa | WGS |
Abbreviations: ESBL, extended-spectrum beta lactamase; ICU, intensive care unit; NS, not specified; OR, operating room.
aTyping method examples and their relative discriminatory power based on consensus evaluation by microbiologists and infection control practitioners: Adequately discriminatory: PFGE, pulsed field gel electrophoresis; RAPD PCR, random amplified polymorphic DNA polymerase chain reaction; RFLP, restriction fragment length polymorphism; WGS, whole-genome sequencing. Less discriminatory: AFLP, amplified fragment length polymorphism; ERIC PCR, enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus polymerase chain reaction; MLEE, multilocus enzyme electrophoresis; MLST, multilocus sequence typing; MLVA, multiple locus variable number tandem repeat analysis; rep-PCR, repetitive element palindromic polymerase chain reaction; VNTR, variable number tandem repeat. Inadequate: phage typing, biotyping, antibiotic susceptibility pattern, pyocin typing.