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. 2020 Dec 8;8(2):ofaa590. doi: 10.1093/ofid/ofaa590

Table 2.

Summary Table of Scores for 2 Raters Applying the Modified CADDIS to 52 Articles Included in a Systematic Review

Study Spatial/Temporal Co-occurrence Temporal Sequence Stressor–Response Relationship Causal Pathwaya Evidence of Exposure and Biological Specificityb Manipulation of Exposure
Hota [18] + 0 0 + ++ +++
Bert [34] + 0 0 + ++ +++
Schneider [61] + 0 0 0 ++ +++
Stjarne Aspelund [65] + 0 0 0 ++ +++
Tofteland [67] + 0 0 0 ++ +++
Vergara Lopez [68] + 0 0 0 ++ +++
Wolf [71] + ++ 0 0 0 +++
Sissoko [63] + 0 0 + 0 +++
Cabrera [13] + ++ 0 + 0 +++
Chapuis [37] + ++ 0 0 ++ +
Clarivet [39] + ++ 0 0 ++ +
Longtin [54] + ++ 0 0 ++ +
Lowe [19] + ++ 0 0 ++ +
Lowe [55] + ++ 0 0 ++ +
Davis [41] + 0 0 + ++ +
Landelle [52] + 0 0 + ++ +
Starlander [64] + 0 0 + ++ +
Wendel [69] + 0 0 + ++ +
Gillespie [46] + 0 0 0 ++ +
Johansson [49] + 0 0 0 ++ +
La Forgia [51] + 0 0 0 ++ +
Ling [53] + 0 0 0 ++ +
Maltezou [56] + 0 0 0 ++ +
Pitten [58] + 0 0 0 ++ +
Seara [62] + 0 0 0 ++ +
Willmann [70] + 0 0 0 ++ +
Leitner [20] + 0 0 0 + +
Pantel [21] + 0 0 0 + +
Riser [59] + 0 0 + 0 +
Thomas [66] + 0 0 + 0 +
Ahmad [32] + 0 0 0 0 +
Breitfellner [35] + 0 0 0 0 +
Fusch [45] + 0 0 + 0 +
Orrett [57] + 0 0 0 0 +
Döring [44] + ++ 0 + ++ 0
Berthelot [17] + ++ 0 0 ++ +
Zhou [72] + ++ 0 0 ++ 0
Cholley [38] + ++ 0 0 ++ 0
Amoureux [33] + 0 0 0 ++ 0
Inglis [48] + 0 0 0 ++ 0
Kerr [16] + 0 0 0 ++ 0
Kotsanas [23] + 0 0 0 ++ 0
Salimi [60] + 0 0 0 ++ 0
Döring [42] + ++ 0 + + 0
Brown [36] + ++ 0 + 0 0
Cooke [40] + ++ 0 + 0 0
Döring [43] + ++ 0 + + 0
Teres [22] + ++ 0 + 0 0
Edmonds [14] + ++ 0 0 0 0
Gunther [47] + ++ 0 0 0 0
Levin [15] + ++ 0 0 0 0
Kohn [50] + ++ 0 0 0 0

*The original Causal Analysis/Diagnosis Decision Information System (CADDIS) Summary Table of Scores can be found at https://www.epa.gov/caddis-vol1/summary-tables-scores[31].

+++ convincingly supports, ++ strongly supports, + somewhat supports, 0 neither supports nor weakens, - somewhat weakens, -- strongly weakens, --- convincingly weakens, or (R)/refutes causality.

aCausal pathway example: bacterial transmission from sinks splashing onto health care workers’ hands, and then to patients. See Döring et al. [44].

bEvidence of Exposure and Biological Specificity is based on adequacy of typing methods employed (Supplementary Table 1).