Table 4.

Comparison of the live bacterial infection model with clinical sepsis

Similarities with Human Disease	Differences with Human Disease
Induces a similar shock state that is observed in human bacterial infections This model is more accurate in recapitulating a clinical infectious scenario in contrast to the artificial LPS administration approach Dosage and the viable phases of bacteria inoculant can be manipulated to mimic clinical infection, sepsis, or SIRS in mice	High inoculating bacterial dose in mice often results in rapid lysis of bacteria by complement39 Pathologic phenotypes observed in model is likely due to endotoxemia and not infection Route of bacterial administration (peritoneal cavity, blood, lungs) may have confounding roles in cytokine functions and the mediation/alleviation of sepsis pathology