TABLE 2.
Group differences
| Group means | HC vs. FEP | HC vs. S‐FEP | HC vs. M‐FEP | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HC | FEP | S‐FEP | M‐FEP | T | p‐value | T | p‐value | T | p‐value | ||
| Fractional anisotropy—FA | |||||||||||
| Projection | Cerebral peduncle | 0.670 | 0.653 | 0.654 | 0.649 | −6.065 | .000 | −4.853 | .000 | −5.773 | .000 |
| Pontine projections | 0.552 | 0.539 | 0.536 | 0.545 | −4.310 | .000 | −4.595 | .000 | −1.747 | .084 | |
| Post limb int capsule | 0.636 | 0.626 | 0.626 | 0.628 | −3.555 | .000 | −3.409 | .001 | −2.097 | .039 | |
| Ant limb int capsule | 0.570 | 0.559 | 0.560 | 0.556 | −3.894 | .000 | −3.234 | .001 | −3.066 | .003 | |
| Corpus callosum | 0.610 | 0.593 | 0.597 | 0.585 | −5.715 | .000 | −3.900 | .000 | −7.694 | .000 | |
| Assoc. | Inf frontoccipital fasc | 0.445 | 0.435 | 0.438 | 0.430 | −2.958 | .003 | −2.050 | .042 | −2.842 | .006 |
| Ant corona radiata | 0.433 | 0.427 | 0.428 | 0.425 | −2.334 | .020 | −1.731 | .045 | −2.228 | .029 | |
| Sup frontal WM | 0.384 | 0.381 | 0.380 | 0.381 | −2.114 | .035 | −2.153 | .032 | −1.130 | .261 | |
| Nucleae | Caudate | 0.220 | 0.233 | 0.236 | 0.223 | 3.633 | .000 | 3.881 | .000 | 0.825 | .412 |
| Globus pallidus | 0.378 | 0.363 | 0.362 | 0.364 | −2.221 | .027 | −2.184 | .030 | −1.341 | .183 | |
| Putamen | 0.230 | 0.238 | 0.239 | 0.233 | 1.881 | .061 | 2.040 | .043 | 0.551 | .583 | |
| Total white matter | 0.456 | 0.452 | 0.453 | 0.450 | −2.863 | .005 | −1.999 | .047 | −2.924 | .005 | |
| Mean diffusivity—MD (× 10−4, in mm2/s) | |||||||||||
| Project. | Cerebral peduncle | 8.707 | 8.932 | 8.922 | 8.956 | 3.910 | .000 | 3.424 | .001 | 3.083 | .003 |
| Ant limb int capsule | 7.553 | 7.713 | 7.748 | 7.631 | 3.330 | .001 | 3.717 | .000 | 1.077 | .285 | |
| Post limb int capsule | 7.200 | 7.313 | 7.307 | 7.325 | 2.700 | .007 | 2.386 | .018 | 2.041 | .044 | |
| Corpus callosum | 9.280 | 9.552 | 9.562 | 9.528 | 5.444 | .000 | 5.400 | .000 | 2.962 | .004 | |
| Association | Sup corona radiata | 7.340 | 7.462 | 7.473 | 7.436 | 3.710 | .000 | 3.603 | .000 | 2.213 | .029 |
| Ant corona radiata | 8.441 | 8.562 | 8.588 | 8.501 | 3.022 | .003 | 3.330 | .001 | 1.047 | .298 | |
| Inf frontoccipital fasc | 8.402 | 8.573 | 8.601 | 8.509 | 3.200 | .002 | 3.323 | .001 | 1.521 | .131 | |
| Cingullum | 7.747 | 7.847 | 7.857 | 7.823 | 2.451 | .015 | 2.506 | .013 | 1.316 | .191 | |
| Uncinate | 8.580 | 8.716 | 8.717 | 8.712 | 2.913 | .004 | 2.669 | .008 | 2.192 | .030 | |
| Middle fronto‐orbital | 9.614 | 9.779 | 9.838 | 9.639 | 2.166 | .031 | 2.582 | .010 | 0.242 | .809 | |
| Middle frontal WM | 8.323 | 8.408 | 8.425 | 8.367 | 2.580 | .010 | 2.911 | .004 | 0.920 | .360 | |
| Inferior frontal WM | 8.198 | 8.281 | 8.304 | 8.225 | 2.157 | .032 | 2.527 | .012 | 0.514 | .608 | |
| Middle temporal WM | 8.512 | 8.577 | 8.599 | 8.525 | 1.781 | .076 | 2.236 | .026 | 0.256 | .798 | |
| Inferior temporal WM | 8.752 | 8.940 | 8.934 | 8.953 | 3.964 | .000 | 3.432 | .001 | 3.157 | .002 | |
| Nuc. | Thalamus | 8.360 | 8.505 | 8.501 | 8.514 | 3.065 | .002 | 2.743 | .007 | 2.246 | .027 |
| Putamen | 7.184 | 7.349 | 7.383 | 7.271 | 3.638 | .000 | 3.974 | .000 | 1.432 | .155 | |
| Resting state fMRI | |||||||||||
| PoCGL_CerebellumL | 0.339 | 0.529 | 0.565 | 0.446 | 4.279 | .000 | 4.364 | .000 | 2.178 | .033 | |
| PoCGL_CerebellumR | 0.362 | 0.560 | 0.603 | 0.460 | 4.401 | .000 | 4.575 | .000 | 2.048 | .045 | |
| SPGL_ThalamusR | 0.102 | 0.299 | 0.322 | 0.245 | 4.350 | .000 | 4.456 | .000 | 2.119 | .040 | |
| SPGR_ThalamusR | 0.132 | 0.309 | 0.344 | 0.227 | 4.092 | .000 | 4.401 | .000 | 1.617 | .113 | |
| PrCGL_CerebellumR | 0.402 | 0.588 | 0.619 | 0.513 | 4.188 | .000 | 4.289 | .000 | 2.023 | .048 | |
| PrCGL_CerebellumL | 0.360 | 0.541 | 0.567 | 0.481 | 4.131 | .000 | 4.109 | .000 | 2.176 | .035 | |
| PrCGL_ThalamusR | 0.262 | 0.449 | 0.479 | 0.379 | 4.014 | .000 | 4.138 | .000 | 1.808 | .078 | |
| MTGR_ThalamusR | 0.133 | 0.321 | 0.361 | 0.227 | 3.729 | .000 | 4.121 | .000 | 1.389 | .171 | |
| PoCGR_CerebellumR | 0.355 | 0.545 | 0.565 | 0.499 | 4.253 | .000 | 4.051 | .000 | 2.495 | .016 | |
| SOGL_CuR | 0.916 | 1.064 | 1.102 | 0.975 | 3.480 | .001 | 4.005 | .000 | 0.976 | .334 | |
| IOGR_ThalamusR | 0.102 | 0.282 | 0.302 | 0.235 | 4.042 | .000 | 4.014 | .000 | 2.251 | .029 | |
| SPGL_GPR | 0.114 | 0.237 | 0.273 | 0.154 | 3.319 | .001 | 3.958 | .000 | 0.784 | .437 | |
| SFGR_SPGL | 0.335 | 0.504 | 0.523 | 0.460 | 3.361 | .001 | 3.463 | .001 | 1.824 | .074 | |
| MFOGR_STGR_pole | 0.387 | 0.236 | 0.236 | 0.238 | −3.914 | .000 | −3.608 | .000 | −2.911 | .005 | |
| PoCGL_SMGL | 0.488 | 0.675 | 0.685 | 0.652 | 3.775 | .000 | 3.469 | .001 | 2.826 | .006 | |
| PoCGL_SMGR | 0.538 | 0.680 | 0.711 | 0.606 | 3.107 | .002 | 3.479 | .001 | 1.204 | .233 | |
| PoCGL_IOGR | 0.349 | 0.530 | 0.548 | 0.487 | 3.526 | .001 | 3.495 | .001 | 2.046 | .046 | |
| PoCGL_ThalamusR | 0.229 | 0.414 | 0.439 | 0.357 | 3.769 | .000 | 3.824 | .000 | 1.831 | .074 | |
| PoCGR_PrCGL | 1.020 | 1.193 | 1.219 | 1.132 | 3.292 | .001 | 3.549 | .001 | 1.705 | .093 | |
| PoCGR_SPGL | 0.352 | 0.590 | 0.593 | 0.583 | 4.057 | .000 | 3.629 | .000 | 3.368 | .001 | |
| PoCGR_ThalamusL | 0.217 | 0.370 | 0.399 | 0.304 | 3.156 | .002 | 3.500 | .001 | 1.206 | .234 | |
| PoCGR_ThalamusR | 0.252 | 0.425 | 0.456 | 0.354 | 3.501 | .001 | 3.733 | .000 | 1.472 | .148 | |
| PrCGL_SPGL | 0.435 | 0.638 | 0.643 | 0.627 | 3.949 | .000 | 3.507 | .001 | 3.127 | .003 | |
| PrCGL_SPGR | 0.447 | 0.650 | 0.669 | 0.605 | 3.774 | .000 | 3.642 | .000 | 2.680 | .009 | |
| PrCGL_IOGR | 0.337 | 0.532 | 0.537 | 0.520 | 3.972 | .000 | 3.684 | .000 | 2.628 | .012 | |
| PrCGL_ThalamusL | 0.246 | 0.417 | 0.441 | 0.361 | 3.601 | .000 | 3.722 | .000 | 1.765 | .084 | |
| PrCGR_SPGL | 0.442 | 0.651 | 0.653 | 0.645 | 4.003 | .000 | 3.550 | .001 | 3.365 | .001 | |
| PrCGR_IOGR | 0.386 | 0.559 | 0.566 | 0.543 | 3.787 | .000 | 3.535 | .001 | 2.524 | .015 | |
| PrCGR_CerebellumL | 0.425 | 0.580 | 0.606 | 0.518 | 3.457 | .001 | 3.545 | .001 | 1.694 | .096 | |
| PrCGR_CerebellumR | 0.376 | 0.553 | 0.579 | 0.492 | 3.819 | .000 | 3.815 | .000 | 2.154 | .035 | |
| PrCGR_ThalamusR | 0.271 | 0.450 | 0.480 | 0.380 | 3.568 | .000 | 3.845 | .000 | 1.489 | .144 | |
| SPGL_ThalamusL | 0.124 | 0.277 | 0.294 | 0.236 | 3.324 | .001 | 3.477 | .001 | 1.654 | .105 | |
| SPGR_dorsal_ACCL | 0.371 | 0.543 | 0.589 | 0.436 | 3.255 | .001 | 3.732 | .000 | 1.035 | .305 | |
| SPGR_dorsal_ACCR | 0.417 | 0.570 | 0.612 | 0.473 | 3.156 | .002 | 3.566 | .001 | 0.996 | .323 | |
| SPGR_CerebellumR | 0.370 | 0.532 | 0.570 | 0.444 | 3.494 | .001 | 3.828 | .000 | 1.446 | .153 | |
| SPGR_ThalamusL | 0.117 | 0.271 | 0.301 | 0.199 | 3.446 | .001 | 3.769 | .000 | 1.366 | .178 | |
| SMGL_CerebellumL | 0.253 | 0.409 | 0.441 | 0.333 | 3.505 | .001 | 3.724 | .000 | 1.401 | .168 | |
| SMGR_ThalamusR | 0.163 | 0.323 | 0.356 | 0.246 | 3.329 | .001 | 3.525 | .001 | 1.492 | .141 | |
| AGL_PCCR | 0.443 | 0.612 | 0.609 | 0.621 | 3.949 | .000 | 3.486 | .001 | 2.792 | .008 | |
| STGL_CerebellumL | 0.315 | 0.448 | 0.491 | 0.346 | 2.929 | .004 | 3.514 | .001 | 0.535 | .595 | |
| STGL_ThalamusR | 0.277 | 0.461 | 0.493 | 0.388 | 3.351 | .001 | 3.530 | .001 | 1.492 | .142 | |
| STGR_CerebellumL | 0.307 | 0.454 | 0.489 | 0.374 | 3.439 | .001 | 3.816 | .000 | 1.169 | .248 | |
| STGR_ThalamusR | 0.276 | 0.452 | 0.488 | 0.368 | 3.241 | .001 | 3.587 | .000 | 1.164 | .251 | |
| MTGL_PCCL | 0.522 | 0.640 | 0.676 | 0.556 | 2.987 | .003 | 3.696 | .000 | 0.567 | .573 | |
| MTGL_ThalamusL | 0.159 | 0.308 | 0.342 | 0.228 | 3.118 | .002 | 3.569 | .001 | 0.968 | .339 | |
| MTGL_ThalamusR | 0.135 | 0.286 | 0.329 | 0.186 | 3.045 | .003 | 3.633 | .000 | 0.683 | .498 | |
| MTGR_PCCL | 0.470 | 0.597 | 0.621 | 0.542 | 3.247 | .001 | 3.496 | .001 | 1.356 | .181 | |
| MTGR_CerebellumL | 0.380 | 0.504 | 0.541 | 0.418 | 2.967 | .004 | 3.496 | .001 | 0.658 | .514 | |
| MTGR_PutR | 0.127 | 0.272 | 0.307 | 0.188 | 3.211 | .002 | 3.667 | .000 | 1.068 | .290 | |
| MTGR_ThalamusL | 0.127 | 0.294 | 0.327 | 0.216 | 3.433 | .001 | 3.739 | .000 | 1.361 | .180 | |
| FuGL_ThalamusR | 0.133 | 0.275 | 0.301 | 0.214 | 3.250 | .001 | 3.478 | .001 | 1.352 | .183 | |
| SOGL_ThalamusR | 0.121 | 0.259 | 0.283 | 0.203 | 3.352 | .001 | 3.535 | .001 | 1.464 | .150 | |
| SOGR_ThalamusR | 0.116 | 0.251 | 0.268 | 0.211 | 3.284 | .001 | 3.501 | .001 | 1.560 | .126 | |
| MOGL_ThalamusR | 0.174 | 0.318 | 0.358 | 0.224 | 3.287 | .001 | 3.859 | .000 | 0.796 | .430 | |
| MOGR_ThalamusR | 0.156 | 0.299 | 0.325 | 0.236 | 3.350 | .001 | 3.682 | .000 | 1.260 | .215 | |
| IOGL_ThalamusR | 0.112 | 0.261 | 0.284 | 0.208 | 3.327 | .001 | 3.472 | .001 | 1.474 | .148 | |
| IOGR_LGL | 0.412 | 0.614 | 0.633 | 0.570 | 3.614 | .000 | 3.539 | .001 | 2.190 | .033 | |
| IOGR_CerebellumL | 0.450 | 0.589 | 0.608 | 0.545 | 3.424 | .001 | 3.488 | .001 | 1.781 | .081 | |
| LGL_CerebellumL | 0.471 | 0.600 | 0.627 | 0.537 | 3.347 | .001 | 3.641 | .000 | 1.344 | .185 | |
| LGR_CerebellumL | 0.426 | 0.564 | 0.587 | 0.511 | 3.621 | .000 | 3.745 | .000 | 1.764 | .084 | |
| LGR_CerebellumR | 0.415 | 0.557 | 0.575 | 0.516 | 3.556 | .001 | 3.553 | .001 | 1.919 | .061 | |
| LGR_ThalamusR | 0.178 | 0.341 | 0.345 | 0.333 | 3.781 | .000 | 3.491 | .001 | 2.604 | .012 | |
| SPGR_CerebellumL | 0.418 | 0.562 | 0.596 | 0.482 | 3.105 | .002 | 3.445 | .001 | 1.146 | .256 | |
| MTGR_CerebellumR | 0.375 | 0.500 | 0.535 | 0.419 | 2.951 | .004 | 3.454 | .001 | 0.737 | .465 | |
| MTGR_PutL | 0.116 | 0.252 | 0.281 | 0.185 | 3.154 | .002 | 3.448 | .001 | 1.381 | .172 | |
| PoCGL_SPGL | 0.460 | 0.671 | 0.679 | 0.653 | 3.735 | .000 | 3.418 | .001 | 2.661 | .010 | |
| PoCGL_SPGR | 0.516 | 0.702 | 0.724 | 0.650 | 3.408 | .001 | 3.417 | .001 | 2.182 | .032 | |
| IOGR_LGR | 0.418 | 0.617 | 0.634 | 0.575 | 3.511 | .001 | 3.415 | .001 | 2.189 | .033 | |
| STGR_CerebellumR | 0.308 | 0.446 | 0.479 | 0.367 | 3.067 | .003 | 3.405 | .001 | 1.030 | .308 | |
| SMGL_CerebellumR | 0.286 | 0.419 | 0.452 | 0.341 | 3.035 | .003 | 3.397 | .001 | 0.983 | .330 | |
| LGL_CerebellumR | 0.444 | 0.571 | 0.595 | 0.515 | 3.145 | .002 | 3.395 | .001 | 1.344 | .185 | |
| SPGR_PrCuL | 0.418 | 0.590 | 0.615 | 0.532 | 3.212 | .002 | 3.389 | .001 | 1.626 | .110 | |
| PoCGL_ThalamusL | 0.215 | 0.373 | 0.397 | 0.317 | 3.184 | .002 | 3.373 | .001 | 1.442 | .156 | |
| STGL_CerebellumR | 0.327 | 0.452 | 0.499 | 0.342 | 2.716 | .007 | 3.375 | .001 | 0.257 | .798 | |
| PrCGR_ThalamusL | 0.231 | 0.388 | 0.413 | 0.328 | 3.072 | .003 | 3.327 | .001 | 1.336 | .188 | |
| SPGL_LGR | 0.271 | 0.451 | 0.456 | 0.442 | 3.663 | .000 | 3.330 | .001 | 2.713 | .009 | |
| FuGR_ThalamusR | 0.132 | 0.267 | 0.292 | 0.209 | 3.092 | .002 | 3.338 | .001 | 1.295 | .201 | |
| IOGR_ThalamusL | 0.101 | 0.257 | 0.266 | 0.235 | 3.503 | .001 | 3.336 | .001 | 2.273 | .027 | |
| PoCGR_SMGL | 0.402 | 0.588 | 0.592 | 0.580 | 3.574 | .001 | 3.314 | .001 | 2.683 | .009 | |
| PoCGR_CerebellumL | 0.402 | 0.550 | 0.570 | 0.505 | 3.348 | .001 | 3.299 | .001 | 1.740 | .089 | |
| SPGL_dorsal_ACCL | 0.389 | 0.528 | 0.567 | 0.437 | 2.842 | .005 | 3.284 | .001 | 0.751 | .457 | |
| SPGL_PCCR | 0.154 | 0.325 | 0.330 | 0.314 | 3.479 | .001 | 3.286 | .001 | 2.182 | .035 | |
| SPGL_CerebellumR | 0.420 | 0.568 | 0.593 | 0.509 | 3.067 | .003 | 3.274 | .001 | 1.531 | .131 | |
Note: For the DTI analysis of FA and MD, the white matter is categorized in projection, association, and commissural (corpus callosum) fibers. We also analyzed deep nucleae and the white matter as a whole (“total white matter”). p‐value of 0 indicates p‐value < .0001.
Abbreviations: L: left, R: right; post: posterior, ant: anterior, sup: superior, inf: inferior, int: internal, fasc: fasciculus, WM: white matter. PoCG, PrCG: postcentral, precentral gyrus; SFG: superior frontal; MFOG: middle frontorbital gyrus; SPG: superior parietal gyrus; MTG, STG: middle, inferior temporal gyrus; SOG, IOG, MOG: superior, inferior, middle occipital gyrus; SMG: supramarginal gyrus; AG: angular gyrus; Fu: fusiform gyrus; CU: cuneus gyrus; LG: lingual gyrus; ACC, PCC: anterior, posterior cingulate cortex; GP: globus pallidus; Put: putamen.