TABLE 1.
Age, gender, and behavioral outcome measures at the pre‐, the post‐neurofeedback session, and the follow‐up
| Pre‐NF | Effect size | Post‐NF | Effect size | FU | Effect size | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cnf (n = 14) | Sham (n = 14) | Cnf (n = 14) | Sham (n = 14) | Cnf (n = 9) | Sham (n = 7 a ) | |||||
| Age in years | 23.43 (1.12) | 22.14 (0.97) | 0.33 | 23.43 (1.12) | 22.14 (0.97) | 0.33 | 23.89 (3.84) | 20.71 (2.71) | 0.93 | |
| Male:Female | 4:10 | 3:11 | 0.18 | 4:10 | 3:11 | 0.18 | 2:7 | 2:5 | 0.17 | |
| State‐rumination assessed by VAS | 6.71 (1.98) | 6.07 (2.40) | 0.29 | 2.21 (0.80) b , c | 3.93 (2.20) | −1.04 | – | – | – | |
| RRS | Total | 28.79 (7.95) | 28.43 (6.85) | 0.05 | – | – | – | 30.22 (10.43) | 30.11 (9.56) | 0.01 |
| Reflection | 7.00 (3.46) | 6.57 (2.87) | 0.13 | – | – | – | 8.67 (4.27) b | 7.33 (3.12) | 0.36 | |
| Brooding | 6.36 (1.78) | 6.57 (1.28) | −0.14 | – | – | – | 6.22 (1.48) | 6.44 (1.88) | −0.13 | |
| Depression | 15.43 (4.59) | 15.29 (3.41) | 0.04 | – | – | – | 15.33 (5.79) | 16.33 (6.02) | −0.17 | |
| TAS | Total | 32.50 (6.75) | 36.14 (6.35) | −0.56 | – | – | – | 30.22 (5.02) c | 38.57 (6.40) | −1.48 |
| Difficulty identify feeling | 8.79 (2.72) | 9.43 (2.59) | −0.24 | – | – | – | 7.78 (1.20) c | 11.14 (3.89) | −1.24 | |
| Difficulty describe feeling | 8.07 (3.45) | 9.71 (3.45) | −0.48 | – | – | – | 6.78 (2.28) c | 11.43 (4.31) | −1.41 | |
| Externally oriented thinking | 15.64 (2.31) | 17.00 (3.14) | −0.49 | – | – | – | 15.67 (3.28) | 16.00 (2.38) | −0.11 | |
| ERQ | Cognitive reappraisal | 35.29 (5.68) | 33.64 (4.89) | 0.31 | – | – | – | 37.11 (5.01) | 31.57 (11.63) | 0.65 |
| Cognitive suppression | 10.07 (3.71) | 11.07 (4.78) | −0.23 | – | – | – | 9.78 (4.09) | 14.00 (6.81) | −0.78 | |
| STAI | Trait | 28.00 (4.08) | 30.29 (4.23) | −0.55 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| STAI | State | 24.21 (4.34) | 26.64 (4.55) | −0.55 | 25.21 (6.59) c | 30.71 (6.99) | −0.81 | – | – | – |
| POMS | Total mood disturbance | −4.64 (12.35) | −0.86 (9.37) | −0.35 | −9.64 (12.22) b , c | −0.57 (7.37) | −0.90 | – | – | – |
| Tension | 2.64 (2.50) | 4.43 (2.85) | −0.67 | 1.64 (1.69) c | 3.86 (2.35) | −1.08 | – | – | – | |
| Depression | 0.50 (0.76) | 1.00 (1.57) | −0.41 | 0.29 (0.61) | 0.86 (1.29) | −0.57 | – | – | – | |
| Anger | 0.86 (1.35) | 0.79 (1.37) | 0.05 | 0.14 (0.53) c | 0.43 (0.76) | −0.44 | – | – | – | |
| Fatigue | 3.64 (3.52) | 4.21 (2.91) | −0.18 | 3.07 (4.58) | 4.36 (2.84) | −0.34 | – | – | – | |
| Confusion | 3.43 (2.50) | 2.93 (1.33) | 0.25 | 2.29 (2.05) c | 3.5 (1.45) | −0.68 | – | – | – | |
| Vigor | 15.71 (6.09) | 14.21 (7.39) | 0.22 | 17.07 (6.82) | 13.57 (6.63) | 0.52 | – | – | – | |
Note: Means and standard deviations of behavioral outcome measures at the pre‐neurofeedback (Pre‐NF), the post‐neurofeedback (Post‐NF), and the follow up (FU).
Abbreviations: cnf group, connectivity‐based fMRI‐nf group; ERQ, Emotion Regulation Questionnaire; POMS, Profile of Mood States; RRS, Ruminative Response Scale; STAI, The State–Trait Anxiety Inventory; TAS, Toronto Alexithymia Scale; VAS, Visual Analogue Scale.
n = 9 for RRS.
A significant behavioral change between the Pre‐NF and the Post‐NF or between the Pre‐NF and the FU (p < .05, uncorrected for age and gender effects, uncorrected for multiple comparisons).
A significant group difference between cnf group and sham group (p < .05, uncorrected for age and gender effects, uncorrected for multiple comparisons).