Table 2.
Demographic, clinical, laboratory findings and treatment of obstructive-AMI and MINOCA patients, according to admission to hyperglycemia
| Obstructive-AMI N = 2450 |
MINOCA N = 239 |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| aHGL N = 977 |
aNGL N = 1473 |
p-value | aHGL N = 40 |
aNGL N = 199 |
p-value | |
| Age, years, median (IQR) | 72.0 (62.0–80.0) | 68.0 (58.0–78.0) | < 0.001 | 74 (67–81) | 68 (53 – 77) | 0.001 |
| Gender Female, n (%) | 280 (28.7) | 383 (26) | 0.1 | 28 (70) | 129 (64.8) | 0.5 |
| BMI Kg/m2, median (IQR) | 26.8 (24.2–30.3) | 26.2 (23.9–29.0) | 0.001 | 25.9 (22.8–29.2) | 25.6 (22.4 – 28.2) | 0.6 |
| Cardiovascular risk factors | ||||||
| Current/past smoking, n (%) | 547 (56.3) | 908 (62.4) | 0.007 | 13 (32.5) | 88 (44.7) | 0.1 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 720 (74.2) | 967 (65.9) | < 0.001 | 30 (75) | 129 (65.2) | 0.2 |
| Dyslipidemia, n (%) | 595 (61.3) | 898 (61.2) | 0.9 | 21 (52.5) | 123 (61.8) | 0.3 |
| Type-2 diabetes, n (%) | 477 (48.8) | 113 (7.7) | < 0.001 | 12 (30.0) | 11 (5.5) | < 0.001 |
| Medical history | ||||||
| Previous AMI, n (%) | 238 (24.5) | 290 (19.8) | 0.006 | 2 (5.4) | 18 (9.8) | 0.4 |
| Previous stroke, n (%) | 80 (8.2) | 79 (5.4) | 0.005 | 2 (5.0) | 11 (5.5) | 0.8 |
| COPD, n (%) | 122 (12.5) | 152 (10.3) | 0.09 | 5 (12.5) | 21 (10.6) | 0.7 |
| PAD, n (%) | 103 (10.6) | 85 (5.8) | < 0.001 | 2 (5) | 5 (2.5) | 0.4 |
| Clinical presentations | ||||||
| Angina, n (%) | 813 (83.7) | 1337 (91) | < 0.001 | 28 (70) | 170 (85.4) | 0.02 |
| HR, median (IQR) | 81 (70–97) | 75 (65–88) | < 0.001 | 95 (76–134) | 80 (66 – 93) | < 0.001 |
| SBP, median (IQR) | 140 (120–160) | 140 (120–160) | 0.5 | 140 (118–160) | 140 (120 – 155) | 0.7 |
| DBP, median (IQR) | 80 (70–90) | 80 (70–90) | 0.3 | 80 (70–85) | 80 (70 – 90) | 0.4 |
| Atrial fibrillation, n (%) | 103 (10.6) | 93 (6.4) | < 0.001 | 13 (32.5) | 14 (7.1) | < 0.001 |
| STEMI, n (%) | 468 (47.9) | 648 (43.9) | 0.057 | 5 (12.5) | 23 (11.6) | 0.8 |
| Laboratory parameters | ||||||
| Hemoglobin g/dL, median (IQR) | 13.6 (12.1–15.0) | 14.0 (12.7–15.1) | 0.001 | 13.2 (12.1–14.8) | 13.4 (12.1 – 14.5) | 0.9 |
| Admission BGL level mg/dL, median (IQR) | 183 (157–238) | 111 (99–122) | < 0.001 | 183 (154–227) | 104 (93 – 117) | < 0.001 |
| Discharge BGL level, mg/dl, median (IQR) | 114 (97–145) | 98 (85–112) | < 0.001 | 105 (92–127) | 97 (85.0 – 111) | 0.02 |
| HbA1c, mmol/mol, median (IQR) | 47 (40–60) | 37 (34–40) | < 0.001 | 40 (37–50) | 36 (32 – 40) | 0.003 |
| Creatinine mg/dl, median (IQR) | 1.0 (0.9–1.3) | 0.9 (0.8–1.1) | < 0.001 | 1.0 (0.7–1.2) | 0.8 (0.7 – 1.0) | 0.04 |
| C-TOT, mg/dL median (IQR) | 181 (149–216) | 192 (161–222) | < 0.001 | 169 (151–205) | 197 (167 – 224) | 0.03 |
| C-LDL, mg/dL median (IQR) | 111 (85–139) | 121 (93–149) | < 0.001 | 97 (84–127) | 118 (97 – 144) | 0.04 |
| Tryglicerides, median (IQR) | 116 (84–165) | 112 (83–153) | 0.02 | 116 (89–143) | 111 (80 – 153) | 0.8 |
| Admission medical therapy | ||||||
| Aspirin, n (%) | 374 (38.6) | 501 (34.2) | 0.03 | 8 (20) | 50 (25.1) | 0.5 |
| P2Y12 Inhibitor,s n (%) | 99 (10.2) | 110 (7.5) | 0.02 | 2 (5) | 9 (4.5) | 0.9 |
| Beta-blockers, n (%) | 401 (41.4) | 520 (35.6) | 0.004 | 17 (42.5) | 60 (30.2) | 0.1 |
| RAAS inhibitors, n (%) | 504 (52) | 659 (45.1) | 0.002 | 23 (57.5) | 64 (32.2) | 0.002 |
| Statins, n (%) | 297 (30.7) | 395 (27) | 0.048 | 15 (37.5) | 51 (25.6) | 0.1 |
| Admission glucose-lowering agents | ||||||
| Insulin sensitizers (metformin), n (%) | 259 (31.4) | 69 (4.3) | < 0.001 | 5 (14.7) | 8 (4) | 0.01 |
| Insulin providers (sulfonylureas), n (%) | 160 (19.4) | 37 (2.3) | < 0.001 | 3 (8.8) | 2 (1.0) | 0.004 |
| DPP-4 Inhibitors, n (%) | 29 (3.5) | 6 (0.4) | < 0.001 | 1 (2.9) | 1 (0.5) | 0.1 |
| GLP-1 Agonist, n (%) | 7 (0.8) | 2 (0.1) | 0.02 | 0 | 0 | 0.99 |
| SGLT-2 Inhibitors, n (%) | 3 (0.4) | 2 (0.1) | 0.06 | 0 | 0 | 0.99 |
| Insulin, n (%) | 120 (14.6) | 27 (1.7) | < 0.001 | 2 (5.9) | 0 | 0.001 |
| PCI total, n (%) | 809 (83) | 1213 (82.8) | 0.9 | 0 | 0 | 0.99 |
| PCI NSTEMI, n (%) | 325 (75.9) | 586 (76.4) | 0.85 | 0 | 0 | 0.99 |
Continuous variables are presented as median (IQR) while categorical ones as n (%). AMI acute myocardial infarction, MINOCA myocardial infarction with non-obstructive coronary arteries, Obs-AMI obstructive acute myocardial infarction, aHGL admission High Glucose Level, aNGL admission normal glucose level, BMI body max index, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, HR heart rate, SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP diastolic blood pressure, STEMI ST-segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction, BGL blood glucose level, HbA1c glycated hemoglobin, C-TOT = total cholesterol, LDL-c LDL cholesterol, RAAS Renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system, DPP-4 dipeptidyl peptidase 4, GLP-1 glucagon-like peptide 1, SGLT-2 Sodium glucose co-transporter 2, PCI percutaneous coronary intervention
The last column shows the comparison between hyperglycemic obstructive-AMI and MINOCA patients