Table 2.

Summary of the representative ROS‐enhanced nanomedicines

Representative ROS‐elevated nanomedicines	Therapeutic modalities	ROS types	Working mechanism	Strategies	Refs
Elevating ambient oxygen of nanomedicines
PFC and IR780‐coencapsulated lipids NPs	PDT	1O2	PFC can improve the ambient oxygen photosensitizer IR780, and then accelerate generation of 1O2 to enhance photodynamic effect	Exogenous oxygen delivery	[ 150 ]
Hb conjugated polymeric micelles	PDT	1O2	Hb with oxygen‐binding capacity can enhance the 1O2 generation of photosensitizer zinc phthalocyanine	Exogenous oxygen delivery	[ 159 ]
human serum albumin (HSA)‐stabilized PFC nanodroplets	PDT and RT	1O2	PFC nanodroplets can adsorb oxygen in the lung and rapidly release oxygen in the tumor under US, which enhance PDT and RT	Exogenous oxygen delivery; US‐triggered rapid oxygen release	[ 153 ]
MOF (UiO‐66) conjugated with indocyanine green (ICG)	PDT	1O2	Photothermal property of ICG could facilitate the burst release of O2, which significantly improve the PDT effects of ICG	Exogenous oxygen delivery; NIR‐induced oxygen burst release	[ 149 ]
ATO/VER NPs	PDT	1O2	ATO can reduce cellular oxygen consumption by inhibition of mitochondria respiratory chain, and then enhance VER to generate 1O2 in hypoxic tumor.	Oxygen elevation by inhibiting cellular oxygen consumption	[ 173 ]
MnFe2O4 NPs‐anchored MSN	PDT	1O2	MnFe2O4 NPs catalyze H2O2 tumor microenvironment O2 generation, and then MFNs loaded with Ce6 under continuous oxygen supply can enhance ROS generation	In situ oxygen generation by decomposing cellular H2O2	[ 181 ]
MnO2‐Ce6 NPs	PDT	1O2	MnO2 NPs with high reactivity toward H2O2 can increase O2 generation in tumor, and then promote 1O2 generation and enhance PDT effects	In situ oxygen generation by decomposing cellular H2O2	[ 306 ]
Carbon‐dot‐decorated C3N4 nanocomposite (CNN)	PDT	1O2	A 630 nm laser was used to trigger CCN to split water to generate O2, meanwhile, 630 nm laser irradiation can activate the photosensitizer PpIX on CNN for 1O2 generation	Photocatalyst for splitting water to generate O2	[ 187 ]
Ultrathin graphdiyne oxide (GDYO) nanosheets	PDT	1O2	GDYO under 660 nm laser irradiation are able to efficiently catalyze water oxidation to release O2 and induce blood perfusion, promoting 1O2 generation	Photocatalyst for splitting water to generate O2	[ 188 ]
Enhancing O2‐free ROS generation
Fe meta‐organic framework	Fenton cancer therapy	•OH	Iron present on the rMOF‐FA can release into solution, reacting with high levels of H2O2 to generate •OH	Catalyzing H2O2 for O2‐free ROS generation	[ 307 ]
GOD‐Fe3O4@DMSNs nanocatalysts	Fenton cancer therapy	•OH	GOD catalyze the glucose into abundant H2O2 in tumor region, and then the elevated H2O2 is catalyzed by the downstream Fe3O4 NPs	GOD for H2O2 elevation; catalyzing H2O2 for O2‐free ROS generation	[ 195 ]
Fe3O4@MSN encapsulating doxorubicin (DOX)	Fenton cancer therapy + chemotherapy	•OH	DOX can activate nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidases (NOXs) for H2O2 elevation, and then the elevated H2O2 is catalyzed by the downstream Fe3O4 NPs	DOX for H2O2 elevation; catalyzing H2O2 for O2‐free ROS generation	[ 308 ]
Fe3O4 NPs loading cisplatin(IV) prodrugs	Fenton cancer therapy + chemotherapy	•OH	Cisplatin(IV) prodrugs can be activated by intracellular GSH, then Cisplatin(II) activate NOXs for H2O2 elevation, and then the elevated H2O2 is catalyzed by the downstream Fe3O4 NPs	GSH consumption; cisplatin for H2O2 elevation; Catalyzing H2O2 for O2‐free ROS generation	[ 309 ]
MnO2‐coated MSN NPs	Fenton cancer therapy	•OH	MnO2 shell can react with GSH to yield Mn2+, and then Mn2+‐trigger •OH production from H2O2	GSH depletion; catalyzing H2O2 for O2‐free ROS generation	[ 194 ]
UCNPs@silica core‐shell NPs loaded with Fe2+ ion	Photo‐Fenton cancer therapy	•OH	UCNP cores can convert NIR light to UV or visible photons to catalyze photo‐Fenton reaction	Near infrared‐assisted Fenton reaction	[ 201 ]
Cu2− xSe NPs	Photo‐Fenton cancer therapy	•OH	NIR‐II irradiation can promote the conversion of Cu2+ and Cu+	X‐ray‐driven Fenton reaction	[ 189 ]
Cu2(OH)PO4 nanocrystals	RT	•OH	X‐ray can trigger CuI sites generation on Cu2(OH)PO4 nanocrystals, serving as a catalyst to efficiently decomposing overexpressed H2O2 in the tumor	X‐ray‐induced Fenton reaction	[ 202 ]
Au–Bi2S3 NPs	RT	•OH	Schottky barrier in Au–Bi2S3 can remarkably improve the utilization of a large number of X‐ray‐induced low energy electrons for H2O2 decomposition	X‐ray‐induced H2O2 decomposition	[ 204 ]
Reduced graphene oxide (rGO) coupled with BiP5W30	RT	•OH	rGO can BiP5W30 NPs can improve radiocatalytic activity through promoting e−–h+ separation to decomposing H2O2 into •OH. In addition, BiP5W30 NPs can deplete GSH to further enhance •OH generation	X‐ray‐induced H2O2 decomposition; GSH depletion	[ 205 ]
TiO2‐coated UCNPS	PDT	•OH,H+, •O2 −	UCNPs can efficiently convert NIR light to UV emission, then activate TiO2 for the formation of an e−–h+ pair and generation of intracellular ROS	NIR‐induced deep tissue penetration; catalyzing H2O for O2‐free ROS generation	[ 32 ]
SrAl2O4:Eu2+@MC540	RT+PDT	1O2	Scintillator emits numerous photons of low energy that can trigger MC540 for 1O2 generation	X‐ray trigger deep PDT	[ 30 ]
CeIII‐doped LiYF4@SiO2@ZnO nanostructure	RT	•OH, •O2 −	Scintillator emits numerous photons of low energy that can trigger ZnO for the formation of an e−–h+ pair and free radicals	X‐ray‐induced deep tissue penetration; catalyzing H2O for O2‐free ROS generation	[ 222 ]
LiLuF4:Ce@SiO2@Ag3PO4@Pt(IV)	RT+ chemotherapy	•OH, •O2 −	Scintillator emits numerous photons of low energy that can trigger Ag3PO4 for the formation of an e−–h+ pair and free radicals. Meanwhile, cisplatin(IV) prodrugs as sacrificial agent can increase the yield of free radicals, thereby exerting chemotherapy effect	X‐ray‐induced deep tissue penetration; inhibiting e−–h+ pair recombination; catalyzing H2O for O2‐free ROS generation	[ 223 ]
Bi2WO6 nanoplates	RT	•OH, •O2 −	Under X‐ray irradiation, Bi2WO6 generate e−–h+ pair and subsequently promoting the generation of ROS	X‐ray‐induced deep tissue penetration; catalyzing H2O for O2‐free ROS generation	[ 224 ]
BiOI@Bi2S3 heterojunction NPs	RT	•OH, •O2 −	BiOI@Bi2S3 NPs inhibit rapid recombination of e−–h+ pair to promoting the generation of ROS under X‐ray irradiation	X‐ray‐induced deep tissue penetration; catalyzing H2O for O2‐free ROS generation	[ 225 ]
Au‐TiO2 nanocomposite	SDT	•OH, •O2 −	Au‐TiO2 nanocomposite can increase ROS generation by enhancing the energy absorption and reducing the e−–h+ pair recombination	US‐induced deep tissue penetration; inhibiting e−–h+ pair recombination; catalyzing H2O for O2‐free ROS generation	[ 228 ]
MnWOX NPs	SDT	•OH, 1O2	MnWOX NPs can reduce the e−–h+ pair recombination for enhanced ROS generation and deplete intracellular GSH	US‐induced deep tissue penetration; inhibiting e−–h+ pair recombination; catalyzing H2O for O2‐free ROS generation	[ 229 ]