Table 2.
Baseline and 2-day rate of change for biomarkers by COVID-19 subgroups identified using latent profile analysis.
| Biomarker | Class 1: Typical response |
Class 2: Rapid hyperinflammatory response |
Class 3: Progressive inflammatory response |
Class 4: Inflammatory response with renal injury |
Class 5: Hyperinflammatory response with renal injury |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | 2-day Δ | Baseline | 2-day Δ | Baseline | 2-day Δ | Baseline | 2-day Δ | Baseline | 2-day Δ | |
| Physiological | ||||||||||
| Respiratory rate, /min | 19.0 [18.0, 20.0] | −0.1 [-1.3, 1.7] | 20.0 [18.0, 22.0] | 0.5 [-1.4, 2.3] | 20.0 [18.0, 22.0] | −0.0 [-1.8, 1.9] | 19.0 [18.0, 20.0] | 0.1 [-1.1, 1.8] | 20.0 [18.0, 22.0] | −0.1 [-1.4, 1.9] |
| Oxygen saturation, % | 97.0 [95.0, 98.0] | −0.4 [-1.1, 0.2] | 96.0 [94.0, 97.0] | −0.5 [-1.2, 0.2] | 96.0 [95.0, 97.0] | −0.4 [-1.1, 0.3] | 96.0 [95.0, 98.0] | −0.2 [-0.7, 0.6] | 96.0 [95.0, 98.0] | −0.5 [-1.4, 0.2] |
| Heart rate, /min | 83.0 [71.0, 90.0] | −1.4 [-7.0, 4.0] | 88.0 [80.0, 100.0] | −3.5 [-11.4, 4.0] | 87.0 [77.0, 97.0] | −2.9 [-8.8, 3.8] | 80.5 [69.5, 90.0] | −1.8 [-9.1, 5.0] | 82.0 [71.0, 92.0] | −2.2 [-10.5, 6.6] |
| Temperature, OC | 36.9 [36.6, 37.4] | −0.0 [-0.3, 0.3] | 36.8 [36.6, 37.3] | −0.1 [-0.3, 0.3] | 37.1 [36.7, 37.6] | −0.1 [-0.4, 0.2] | 37.0 [36.6, 37.5] | −0.1 [-0.7, 0.3] | 36.7 [36.5, 37.0] | −0.0 [-0.3, 0.3] |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 122.0 [110.0, 135.0] | −1.1 [-6.7, 4.5] | 121.0 [108.0, 137.0] | 0.8 [-5.2, 8.0] | 127.0 [114.0, 142.0] | −1.1 [-7.3, 4.9] | 133.5 [118.5, 154.0] | −3.4 [-13.0, 3.5] | 121.0 [107.5, 133.0] | 4.6 [-4.6, 12.1] |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 70.0 [62.0, 78.0] | −0.3 [-2.9, 2.4] | 70.0 [61.0, 78.0] | 0.4 [-4.0, 3.3] | 74.0 [66.0, 84.0] | −0.5 [-4.0, 2.3] | 75.0 [66.5, 89.5] | −2.3 [-6.5, 1.5] | 66.0 [58.0, 77.5] | 1.4 [-3.3, 5.4] |
| Blood-based | ||||||||||
| WBC count, x109/L | 4.8 [3.9, 5.7] | −0.5 [-1.0, 0.2] | 16.8 [14.2, 20.9] | −2.9 [-4.7, -0.6] | 8.3 [7.2, 9.7] | −0.9 [-1.8, -0.2] | 5.0 [3.7, 6.1] | −0.5 [-1.2, -0.1] | 9.4 [7.9, 11.1] | −1.2 [-2.7, -0.4] |
| Lymphocyte count, x109/L | 0.9 [0.6, 1.2] | −0.1 [-0.1, 0.0] | 1.1 [0.7, 1.6] | −0.0 [-0.2, 0.1] | 1.1 [0.8, 1.5] | −0.0 [-0.1, 0.1] | 0.6 [0.5, 1.0] | −0.0 [-0.1, 0.1] | 0.9 [0.6, 1.3] | −0.0 [-0.1, 0.0] |
| Neutrophil count, x109/L | 3.4 [2.5, 4.1] | −0.4 [-0.9, 0.3] | 13.5 [12.1, 17.2] | −2.1 [-4.0, -0.5] | 6.5 [5.5, 7.8] | −0.8 [-1.7, 0.1] | 3.8 [2.8, 4.7] | −0.4 [-0.9, 0.0] | 7.9 [6.4, 9.4] | −1.0 [-2.6, 0.2] |
| Urea, mmol/L | 5.6 [4.0, 8.5] | −0.7 [-1.5, -0.1] | 9.0 [6.0, 12.6] | −0.6 [-2.0, 0.2] | 5.8 [4.2, 8.6] | −0.5 [-1.3, 0.3] | 16.7 [13.7, 23.9] | −0.9 [-3.7, 2.8] | 20.0 [15.5, 28.6] | −2.7 [-7.3, 0.6] |
| Creatinine, umol/L | 85.0 [68.0, 107.0] | −11.4 [-18.1, -6.1] | 95.0 [66.0, 152.0] | −12.2 [-25.6, -4.4] | 81.0 [63.0, 101.0] | −11.5 [-17.5, -5.1] | 408.0 [234.0, 692.0] | −12.0 [-60.7, 14.1] | 210.0 [164.0, 298.0] | −38.6 [-76.2, -14.6] |
| C-reactive protein, mg/L | 45.6 [20.2, 84.0] | 25.9 [4.6, 45.6] | 133.3 [79.4, 227.0] | 44.0 [3.1, 82.4] | 94.0 [48.5, 154.4] | 33.1 [4.2, 79.1] | 62.6 [32.1, 129.3] | 31.2 [2.3, 83.4] | 133.1 [78.0, 208.1] | 20.5 [-19.0, 74.2] |
| Haemoglobin, g/L | 128.0 [112.0, 141.0] | −9.6 [-11.8, -7.2] | 126.0 [106.0, 140.0] | −11.2 [-14.7, -8.7] | 131.0 [118.0, 142.0] | −10.1 [-12.2, -8.1] | 104.0 [90.0, 116.0] | −7.0 [-9.7, -5.3] | 121.0 [105.0, 136.0] | −9.9 [-13.9, -6.7] |
| Platelet count, x109/L | 186.0 [145.0, 234.0] | −13.0 [-31.2, 3.4] | 279.0 [201.0, 393.0] | −18.6 [-46.7, 15.1] | 239.0 [184.0, 303.0] | −1.7 [-22.4, 22.4] | 159.0 [118.0, 223.0] | −18.6 [-35.5, -5.0] | 219.0 [154.0, 271.0] | −14.2 [-35.9, -1.0] |
| Albumin, g/L | 37.0 [34.0, 40.0] | −4.8 [-5.5, -3.8] | 34.0 [30.0, 37.5] | −5.3 [-6.8, -4.0] | 37.0 [34.0, 40.0] | −4.9 [-5.6, -4.0] | 34.0 [30.0, 37.0] | −4.8 [-5.5, -3.9] | 33.0 [30.0, 37.0] | −5.4 [-7.0, -4.1] |
Data are presented as median [IQR].
Baseline denotes the index value on admission (intercept), 2-day Δ represents the rate of change within 2 days of admission (i.e. the slopes). Latent classes were derived based from both the intercept and slopes (in a single model).
Normal values for blood biomarkers (based on local assays) include: WBC count 4−11 × 109/L (leucopaenia defined as <4 × 109), lymphocyte count 1.3–4.0 × 109/L (lymphopaenia defined as <1.3 × 109/L; severe lymphopaenia defined as <0.6 × 109/L), urea 3.3–6.7 mmol/L, creatinine 45−120μmol/L, C-reactive protein <5 mg/L, haemoglobin 115−155 g/L for women and 130−165 g/L for men, platelet count 140−400 × 109/L (thrombocytopaenia defined as <140 × 109/L), albumin 35−50 g/L (hypoalbuminaemia defined as <35 g/L).