Table 4.
In vivo evaluation of various hydrogels
| Animal | Defect | Hydrogels | Size | Time | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mouse | Calvarial | ciiitosan-MMT121 | 3 mm | 6 weeks | - Recruited native cells - Bone volume increased to 46% |
| Calvarial | PEG-RGD-Lys-glutamine receptor237 | 4 mm | 12 weeks | - Recruit mesenchymal progenitor cells - Bone volume increased to 1 mm3 |
|
| Femur | Decellularized adipose tissue-hydroxyapatite238 | 3 mm | 12 weeks | - Increased collagen I and osteopontin expression - Bone volume increased to 5 mm3 |
|
| Ectopic | Gelatin239 | N/A | 4 weeks | - Coated with cells in osteogenic media - Increased collagen I and osteopontin expression |
|
| Ectopic | FIA-Laponite122 | N/A | 6 weeks | - Sustained retention of BMP-2 in vivo | |
| Rat | Calvarial | Pentonate-HA-devitalized tendon240 | 7.5 mm | 8 weeks | - Enhanced compressive modulus and calcium - Bone volume increased to 42% |
| Calvarial | Gelatin-PEO-PPO-PEO241 | 8 mm | 12 weeks | - Comparable with autologous bone graft - Bone surface area increased to 80% |
|
| Femur | Gelatin-Alginate242 | 3 mm | 3 weeks | - Mg particle as a foaming agent induced vascularization - Bone volume increased to 60% |
|
| Mandible | PNFPAM-PLGA-PEG-mesoporous silica nanoparticles243 | 5 mm | 10 weeks | - Incorporated with miRNA222 and aspirin - Bone volume increased to 22% |
|
| Ectopic | HA244 | N/A | 8 weeks | - Acidic F1A enhance BMP-2 sequestering and improve bone formation in vivo | |
| Rabbit | Mandible | Chitosan-Collagen245 | 8 mm | 12 weeks | - Incorporated with BMP-2 in gelatin microsphere - Bone volume increased to 55% |
| Femur | Polyacrylamide-Dextran-Flydroxyapatite179 | 5 mm | 12 weeks | - Inorganic-organic interaction in hydrogel enhanced mechanical properties - Bone volume increased to 8 mm3 |
|
| Pig | Mandible | Alginate-HA240 | 10 mm | 9 weeks | - Delivered BMP-2 and hBMSCs, and enhanced bone healing |
| Femur | Polyhydroxyethyl methacrylate-Collagen-DBM247 | 10 mm | 8 weeks | - Collagen stimulated bone healing by changing biological properties of synthetic polymer and enhanced mineralization | |
| Sheep | Iliac crest | ROD-Alginate-HA248 | 15 mm | 12 weeks | - Incorporated with ovine MSCs - Bone volume increased to 40% |
| Femur | Keratin-Hydroxyapatite249 | 10 mm | 4 weeks | - Dental implant coated with hydrogel was implanted - Bone-implant contact increased to 58.1% |