Table 1.
The probiotic products with formulation supplied in human clinical trials in the prevention of upper respiratory tract infection (URTI)
| References | Probiotic strain | Formulation | Age group | Dosage | Mode of administration | Function |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Laursen et al. [13] | Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis (BB-12) | B. animalis subsp. lactis (BB-12) and L. rhamnosus (LGG) |
Infants 8‒14 months (healthy) |
1 g of maltodextrin powder with 1 × 109 cfu each of BB-12 and LGG for 6 months | Oral | No significant effect |
| Leyer et al. [14] | Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis Bi-07 (ATCC PTA-4802) | B. animalis subsp. lactis Bi-07 (ATCC PTA-4802), L. acidophilus NCFM (ATCC 700396) | Children 3‒5 years (healthy) | 1 g sachet with 1 × 1010 cfu of each bacterium with 120 ml 1% fat milk twice daily for 6 months | Oral |
Reduced fever, rhinorrhoea, cough incidence and antibiotic requirement |
| Pregliasco et al. [15] | Bifidobacterium lactis (Probial BS 01-LMG P-21384) |
L. plantarum (Probial LP 02-LMG P-21020), L. rhamnosus (Probial LR 04-DSM 16605) and B. lactis (Probial BS 01-LMG P-21384) |
Person 15‒56 years (healthy) | 1 sachet (0.1 g) with 10 × 109 cfu of each bacterium daily for 90 days | Oral | Significantly decreased URTI |
| Hojsak et al. [17] | Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis (BB-12®) | Individual | Children 1‒18 years (hospitalized) | 1 g maltodextrin powder with 1 × 109 cfu for the entire duration of the hospital stay | Oral | No significant effect |
| Hojsak et al. [16] | Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis (BB-12) | Individual | Children 1.43‒7.48 years (healthy) | 1 g maltodextrin powder with 1 × 109 cfu for 90 days | Oral | No significant effect |
| Li et al. [18] | Bifidobacterium tetravaccine tablets |
Bifidobacterium infantis, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Enterococcus faecalis and Bacillus cereus |
Children > 11 years (recurrent respiratory tract infected) | Bifidobacterium tetra vaccine tablets (live) for 2 months | Oral | Reduced the frequency of URTI |
| Cazzola et al. [19] | Bifidobacterium bifidum R0071 | L. helveticus R0052, B. longum subsp. infantis R0033, B. bifidum R0071 | Children 3‒7 years (healthy) | 1.5 g sachet with 5 × 109 cfu live cells daily for 3 months | Oral | Prevented usual acute infectious illnesses, decreased the risk of occurrence of common infectious viral diseases including common cold, flu, respiratory problems |
| Garaiova et al. [20] | Lactobacillus acidophilus CUL60 (NCIMB 30157), Lactobacillus acidophilus CUL21 (NCIMB 30156) | L. acidophilus CUL21 (NCIMB 30156), L. acidophilus CUL60 (NCIMB 30157), B. bifidum CUL20 (NCIMB 30153), and B. animalis subsp. lactis CUL34 (NCIMB 30172) | Children 3–6 years (healthy) | 1 tablet with 1 × 1010 cfu of Lactobacillus spp. and 0.25 × 1010 cfu of Bifidobacterium spp. and 50 mg vitamin C daily for 6 months | Oral | Potential preventives for URTI |
| Gerasimov et al. [21] | Lactobacillus acidophilus DDS-1 (NCIMB 30333) | L. acidophilus DDS-1 and B. lactis UABLA-12 (NCIMB 30334) | Children 3‒12 years (healthy) | ∼1 g of powder with 5 × 109 cfu of Lactobacillus spp. and Bifidobacterium spp. in 1:4 ratio and 50 mg FOS for 7 months | Oral | Reduced acute respiratory infection (ARI) |
| Strasser et al. [22] | Lactobacillus acidophilus W22 | B. bifidum W23, B. lactis W51, E. faecium W54, L. acidophilus W22, L. brevis W63, and Lactococcus lactis W58 | Adults 20‒35 years (healthy) | 4 g sachet with 1 × 1010 cfu of each bacterium daily for 12 weeks | Oral | Reduced the incidence of URTI |
| Strasser et al. [22] | Lactococcus lactis W58 | B. bifidum W23, B. lactis W51, E. faecium W54, L. acidophilus W22, L. brevis W63, and L. lactis W58 | Adults 20‒35 years (healthy) | 4 g sachet with 1 × 1010 cfu of each bacterium daily for 12 weeks | Oral | Reduced the incidence of URTI |
| Jespersen et al. [23] | Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei, L. casei 431 | Individual | Person 18‒60 years (healthy) | 100 ml milk with 1 × 109 cfu live cells once daily for 6 weeks | Oral | Reduced the duration of the common cold and influenza-like illness (ILI) episodes in healthy adults |
| Pu et al. [24] | Lactobacillus paracasei (N1115) | Individual | Older person ≥ 45 (healthy) | 3.6 × 107 cfu/mL live cells for 12 weeks | Oral | Reduced the risk of acute upper tract infections in the elderly. Enhanced T-cell-mediated natural immune defense |
| Corsello et al. [25] | Lactobacillus paracasei CBA L74 | Individual | Children 12‒48 months (healthy) | 150 ml of milk or water with 5.9 × 109 cfu/g live cells for 3 months | Oral | Reduced the risk of acute upper tract infections in the elderly. Enhanced T-cell-mediated natural immune defense |
| Nocerino et al. [26] | Lactobacillus paracasei CBA L74 | Individual | Children 12‒48 months (healthy) | 150 ml of milk or water with 5.9 × 109 cfu/g live cells for 3 months | Oral | Reduced the risk of acute upper tract infections in the elderly. Enhanced T-cell-mediated natural immune defense |
| Berggren et al. [27] | Lactobacillus paracasei 8700:2 (DSM 13434) | L. paracasei 8700:2 (DSM 13434) and L. plantarum HEAL 9 (DSM 15312) | Person 18‒65 years (healthy) | 1 g maltodextrin and lyophilized bacteria with 1 × 109 cfu/day live cells for 12 weeks | Oral | Reduced frequency and duration of common cold, URTI |
| Szymanski et al. [28] | Lactobacillus plantarum PL02 | B. longum PL03 (33%), L. rhamnosus KL53A (33%), and L. plantarum PL02 (34%) | Children 5 months to 16 years (with respiratory tract infection) | 1 tablet with 1 × 108 cfu cells twice daily for 4 weeks | Oral | No significant function was observed |
| Hirose et al. [29] | Lactobacillus plantarum L-137 | heat-killed L. plantarum L-137 (HK L-137) | Older person 40‒64 years (healthy) | 1 tablet with 50 mg of bacteria daily for 12 weeks | Oral | The decreased URTI incidence in healthy subjects through augmentation of immune functions |
| Tubelius et al. [30] | Lactobacillus reuteri protectis (ATCC 55730) | Individual | Person 18‒65 years (healthy) | 100 ml liquid with 1 × 108 cfu live cells for 80 days | Oral | Shortened duration of respiratory diseases |
| Pregliasco et al. [15] | Lactobacillus rhamnosus (Probial LR 04-DSM 16605) | L. plantarum (Probial LP 02-LMG P-21020), L. rhamnosus (Probial LR 04-DSM 16605), and B. lactis (Probial BS 01-LMG P-21384) | Person 15‒ 62 years (healthy) | 1 capsule (5 g) with 0.1 g = 10 × 109 cfu L. plantarum; 0.1 g = 10 × 109 cfu L. rhamnosus; 0.1 g = 10 × 109 cfu B. lactis; 3 g FOS and 1.7 g glucose/maltodextrin daily for 3 months | Oral | Improved health by reducing the incidence and severity of respiratory diseases |
| Kukkonen et al. [31] | Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG | L. rhamnosus GG, L. rhamnosus LC705, B. breve Bb99 and P. freudenreichii ssp. shermanii JS | new born infants (healthy) | 1 capsule with 8–9 × 109 cfu of each bacterium for 6 weeks | Oral | Increased resistance to respiratory infections |
| Hojsak et al. [32] | Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG | Individual | Children 13‒86 months (healthy) | 100 ml of fermented milk with 1 × 109 cfu cells daily for 3 months | Oral | Reduced the risk of URTI |
| Hojsak et al. [33] | Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG | Individual | Children > 12 months (non-healthy) | 100 ml of fermented milk with 1 × 109 cfu cells daily for 3 months | Oral | Reduced the risk of URTI |
| Kumpu et al. [34] | Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG | Individual | Children 2‒6 years (healthy) | Milk with 6.7 × 105 to 1.9 × 106 cfu/ml cells for 28 weeks (amount of milk consumed by each child was recorded) | Oral | Reduced the risk of URTI |
| Smith et al. [35] | Lactobacillus rhamnosus LGG | L. rhamnosus LGG® and B. animalis ssp. lactis BB-12® | Adults 18‒24 years (Susceptible to upper respiratory infections) |
5 g powder (stick) with 1 × 109 cfu cells each of LGG and BB-12 daily for 12 weeks |
Oral |
Mitigated decrements in health-related quality of life (HRQL) during upper respiratory infections (URI) |
| Wang et al. [36] | Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG | Individual | Older person ≥ 65 years (hospital residents) | 2 capsules with 1 × 1010 cfu cells daily for 6 months | Oral | Reduced the risk of URTI |
| Shida et al. [37] |
Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota (LcS, YIT 9029) |
Individual | Person 30‒49 years (healthy) | 1 drink with 1 × 1011 cfu live cells daily for 12 weeks | Oral | Reduced risk of URTI and common infectious diseases (CID) |
| Fujita et al. [38] | Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota (LcS) | Individual | Person 18‒67 years (healthy) | 80 ml fermented milk with 4 × 1010 cfu cell of LcS per day | Oral | Reduced the duration of acute URTIs |
| Guillemard et al. [39] | Lactobacillus casei DN-114 001 | L. casei DN-114 001, S. thermophilus, and L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus | Older person ≥ 70 years (healthy) | 2 bottles of 100 g/d with 1 × 1010 cfu/100 g live cells for 112 days | Oral | Reduced risk of URTI and common infectious diseases (CID) |
| Guillemard et al. [40] | Lactobacillus casei DN-114 001 | L. casei DN-114 001, S. thermophilus, and L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus | Person 18‒65 years (healthy) | 2 bottles of 100 g/d with 1 × 1010 cfu/100 g live cells for 112 days | Oral | Reduced risk of URTI and common infectious diseases (CID) |