Table 3.

Comparison of clinical, biochemical and diagnostic features in Bartter-like syndrome and BS and GS

Bartter-like versus BGS	Drug-induced BS	Cystinosis	Dent disease	Sjögren syndrome	Chronic diuretic abuse	BS	GS
Clinical findings	Sepsis, antibiotic and dehydration	Fanconi syndrome, photophobia, rickets and hypothyroidism	Low molecular weight proteinuria, Fanconi syndrome, nephrocalcinosis, hypokalemia, hypercalciuria, and CKD	Rheumatic disease, xerostomia, kerato-conjunctivitis sicca	Vomiting, dehydration, Russell’s sign, sub-conjunctival bleeding and sialadenosis	Polyhydramnios, dehydration, FTT and CKD	Asymptomatic, muscle cramp, fatigue and hypokalemic paralysis
Gene variants association	None	CTNS	CLCN5 and OCRL1	None	None	SLC12A1, CLCNKA, CLCNKB, Barttin, KCNJ1, CASR and MAGED2	SLC12A3
Age of onset	All age groups	Early infancy/childhood	Childhood	Adults	Adolescents/young adults	Antenatal/early infancy/childhood	Late childhood/young adults
Polydipsia	Yes/no	Yes	Yes/no	Yes/no	Yes/no	Yes	Yes/no
Polyuria	Yes	Yes	Yes/no	Yes/no	Yes	Yes	Yes/no
Hyperaldosteronism	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Hypokalemia	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Hypochloremia	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Hyponatremia	Yes/no	Yes	Yes	Yes/no	Yes	Yes/no	Yes/no
Hypercalciuria/nephrocalcinosis	Yes, hyper-calciuria/no, nephrocalcinosis	No	Yes	No	Yes/no	Yes	No
Growth failure/weight loss	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes/no
Urine chloride	High	High	High	High	High/low	High	High
Diagnostic clues	Acquired BS with aminoglycoside use	Fanconi syndrome/elevated leucocyte cystine	CKD/Lowe syndrome/gene variant	SSA antibody	Psycho-somatic	Electrolyte pattern/gene variant	Electrolyte pattern/gene variant

FTT, failure to thrive; CKD, chronic kidney disease.