Table 3.
Review characteristics, as reported in the individual studies.
| Main author, year | Studies included (n) | Target population | Sample size (n) | Age (year) | Review outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Antoniak (2017)16 | 7 | Older adults | 792 | Mean age: 72.8 | Musculoskeletal health (i.e., muscle strength, bone mineral density, Timed Up & Go, lean mass, balance, endurance, sit-to-stand test, normal walking speed, and chair stand) |
| Arent (2000)32 | 32 | Older adults | Not reported | Inclusion: >60 | Mood (i.e., negative and positive affect) |
| Burton (2015)41 | 4 | Older adults with dementia or cognitive impairment | 336 | Mean age: 80 | Mean falls and faller status (i.e., faller vs. non-faller) |
| Chan (2015)42 | 7 | Older adults with dementia or cognitive impairment | 781 | Mean age: 80 | Number of falls |
| Cheng (2018)23 | 49 | Older community dwellers | 27,740 | Age range: 67.5–88.0; mean age: 73.0 | Falls-related outcomes (number of fallers, length of follow-up, effect of the intervention) |
| Chou (2012)38 | 8 | Frail older adults | 1068 | Age range: 75.3–86.8 | Physical function assessed by the Timed Up & Go test, gait speed, or Berg Balance Scale, performance in ADLs evaluated by the validated questionnaire or reliability inventory, and QoL evaluated by the Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey |
| Crocker (2013)59 | 13 | Older residents in long-term facilities | 2379 | Mean age: 84 | Independence in ADLs measured through Barthel Index, FIM, Katz Index of Independence in ADL, Physical Self-Maintenance Scale and the Minimum Data Set |
| de Souto-Barreto (2017)29 | 5 | Older adults | 2878 | Mean age: 75.2 | Onset of dementia and cognitive impairment |
| de Souto-Barreto (2019)60 | 40 | Older adults | 21,868 | Mean age: 73.1 | Risk of falls, fractures, hospitalizations, and mortality |
| Fairhall (2011)28 | 15 | Older adults | 3616 | Mean age: 74.6 | Participation in life roles |
| Falck (2019)61 | 48 | Healthy older adults, or frail, or with cognitive impairment | 6281 | Mean age: 73 | Physical and cognitive function |
| Farlie (2019)62 | 95 | Older adults | Not reported | Mean age: 74.5 | Balance |
| Finnegan 2019)63 | 24 | Older community dwellers | 7818 | Mean age: 70 | Rate of falls |
| Garcia-Hermoso (2020)57 | 99 | Healthy older adults and clinical older adults | 28,523 | Mean age: 74 | Mortality, falls and fall-associated injuries, fractures, physical function, quality of life, and cognition |
| Gates (2013)44 | 14 | Older adults with cognitive impairment | 1695 | Age range: 65–95; mean age: 76 | Validated neuro-psychological test of cognition reported at baseline and follow-up |
| Giné-Garriga (2014) 39 | 19 | Frail older adults | 2063 | Inclusion: >65 | Performance-based measures of physical function such as mobility, gait, muscular strength, balance, endurance and disability in ADLs |
| Guo (2014)40 | 111 | Older adults with/without cognitive impairment | 51,551 | Age range: 64.5–89.0 | Number of falls |
| Heinzel (2015)46 | 18 | Older adults with depression | 1063 | Inclusion: >60 | Depression |
| Heyn (2004)56 | 30 | Older adults with cognitive impairment and dementia | 2020 | Age range: 66–91; mean age: 80 | Physical fitness |
| Heyn (2008)37 | 41 | Older adults with/without cognitive impairment | 2921 | Age range: 68–91; mean age: 81 | Endurance and strength outcomes |
| Hill-Westmoreland (2002)22 | 12 | Older adults | 4074 | Mean age: 76.5 | Number of falls |
| Hu (2016)24 | 10 | Older adults | 2850 | Age range: 64–84 | Number of falls |
| Jung (2009)25 | 6 | Older adults | 957 | Mean age: 76.5 | Fear of falling, as measured by Falls Efficacy Scale, the Activities-Specific Balance Confidence Scale and the Survey of Activities and Fear of Falling in the Elderly |
| Karr (2014)30 | 25 | Older adults | 1878 | Mean age: 74 | Executive function (working memory, inhibition, executive attention, problem solving, and fluency |
| Kuijlaars (2019)64 | 9 | Older patients with hip fractures | 602 | Inclusion: >65 | Mobility, ADLs, endurance, gait, balance, and strength |
| Kumar (2016)26 | 30 | Older adults | 2878 | Inclusion: ≥65 | Fear of falling measured through scales measuring falls efficacy, balance confidence, and concern or worry about falling |
| Labott (2019)65 | 24 | Healthy community dwellers | 3018 | Inclusion: >60 | Handgrip strength |
| Lacroix (2017)15 | 11 | Older adults | 621 | Age range: 65.3–81.1; mean age: 73.6 | Balance and muscle strength |
| Liang (2018)45 | 17 | Older adults with cognitive impairment or Alzheimer's disease | 1747 | Age range: 70–83 | Cognition |
| Liao (2017)17 | 17 | Older adults | 892 | Mean age: 73.4 | Body composition and physical function |
| Liao (2019)66 | 19 | Hospitalized, institutionalized or community-dwelling elderly individuals with a high risk of sarcopenia or frailty and physical limitations | 1888 | Inclusion: >60 | Muscle mass, sarcopenia, leg strength, or physical function |
| Liu (2017)34 | 23 | Older adults with reduced physical capacity | 2019 | Inclusion: >60 | Muscle strength of the lower extremity, physical functioning, ADLs, and falls |
| Marin-Cascales (2018)31 | 10 | Postmenopausal older women | 462 | Inclusion: >65 | Bone health (total, femoral neck, and lumbar spine bone mineral density) |
| Marinus (2019)67 | 17 | Older adults | 982 | Inclusion: >60 | Peripheral blood brain-derived neurotrophic factor concentrations |
| Miller (2019)68 | 15 | Older adults with depression | 596 | Inclusion: >65 | Depression |
| Naseri (2018)47 | 16 | Older adults recently discharged from hospital to the community | 3290 | Age range: 70–84; mean age: 77 | Falls |
| Pengelly (2019)69 | 11 | Older cardiac adults | 1797 | Inclusion: >65 | Physical and cognitive function |
| Pessoa (2017)13 | 9 | Older adults | Not reported | Inclusion: ≥65 | Muscle strength and quality of life |
| Robertson (2002)21 | 4 | Older adults | 1016 | Age range: 65–97; mean age: 82.3 | Number of falls and number of injuries resulting from falls |
| Rogan (2017)19 | 33 | Older adults | Not reported | Inclusion: >65 | Postural control (static, dynamic, and functional balance) |
| Sanders (2019)58 | 36 | Adults with/without cognitive impairments | 2007 | Mean age: 73 | Cognition |
| Sansano-Nadal (2019)70 | 12 | Older community dwellers | 1991 | Mean age: 76 | Time spent doing exercise at 6-month follow-up |
| Sexton (2019)71 | 14 | Older adults living with a health condition or impairment | 921 | Mean age: 81 | Impairment, activity, and participation levels |
| Sherrington (2019)72 | 108 | Older community dwellers | 23,407 | Mean age: 76 | Falls |
| Sohng (2005)14 | 8 | Older adults | 843 | Age range: 71–84 | Falls, balance, and muscle strength |
| Steib (2010)48 | 29 | Older adults | 1313 | Inclusion: ≥65 | Strength and function |
| Taylor (2018)18 | 18 | Older adults | 765 | Mean age community-dwelling participants: 75.6; mean age hospitalised or nursing home older participants: 85.3 | Physical performance |
| Tricco (2017)27 | 238 | Older adults | 159,910 | Mean age: 78.1 | Injurious falls and fall-related hospitalisations |
| Van Abbema (2015)33 | 25 | Older adults | 2389 | Mean age: 75.8 | Gait speed |
| Verweij (2019)73 | 15 | Older adults discharged from hospital | 1255 | Mean age: 74 | Mobility and hospital readmission |
| Wright (2018)36 | 11 | Nutritionally vulnerable older adults | 1459 | Inclusion: ≥65 | Physical functioning, quality of life, and nutritional status |
| Wu (2015)43 | 14 | Older adults, older patients after stroke, and older adults with diabetes | 1225 | Mean age: 70.3 | Quality of sleep |
| Yamamoto (2016)35 | 5 | Older adults with coronary heart disease | 291 | Inclusion: ≥65 | Muscle strength, exercise capacity, and mobility |
| Yeun (2017)20 | 19 | Older adults | 649 | Inclusion: ≥65 | Flexibility and balance |
| Zhang (2020)74 | 22 | Community-dwelling frail older adults | 2456 | Inclusion: >65 | Physical functioning, ADL, quality of life |
| Zhao (2019)75 | 25 | Older adults | 7076 | Inclusion: >60 | Falls-related injuries and hospitalization |
Abbreviations: ADL = activities of daily living; FIM = functional independence measure; QoL = Quality of Life.