Examination of the effects of B. subtilis–fermented products on mRNA expression in the small intestine of broilers. (A) Effects of B. subtilis–fermented products on inflammation-associated gene expression (il-6 and il-1β) in the small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, and ileum) of broilers at 21 d. (B) Effects of B. subtilis–fermented products on intestinal barrier–associated gene expression (muc2 and ocln) in the small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, and ileum) of broilers at 21 d. Each bar represents mean ± standard error (n = 3). Different superscripts indicate significant difference between groups (one-way ANOVA, P < 0.05 using the post hoc Tukey honestly significant difference test).