Table 1.
Ethogram of behavioral activities monitored during the study and the criteria for each behavior; all behaviors are mutually exclusive, except for panting (Webster and Hurnik, 1990; Hurnik et al., 1995; Webster, 2000; Henrikson et al., 2018).
| Category | Behavior | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Activity | Motionless | Bird may be standing or in a crouched position where its body is in contact with the floor of the crate (difficult to determine via videos). Bird is motionless and may be in a collected posture with its head retracted, and eyes may be open or closed |
| Activity | Active | Bird is moving its feet and/or wings and is changing position/location within the crate |
| Activity | Shuffle | Bird is moving its feet while moving its body side to side. Minimum of 1 series of side-to-side movements to be considered. Bird resets itself near the same position as when behavior began |
| Thermoregulatory | Burrow | Birds are actively attempting to burrow underneath other birds |
| Thermoregulatory | Shiver | Repeated quivering of the wings and/or body in order to produce body heat |
| Thermoregulatory | Pteroerection | Feathers are erect or being ruffled in an organized manner |
| Thermoregulatory | Panting | Increase in breathing of the bird characterized by an open mouth, polypnea, or increased thoracic movements |
| Thermoregulatory | Survey | Movements of the bird's head suggesting surveillance of the bird's environment |
| Pecking | Bird peck | Bird is using its beak, in short and quick forward motions of the head, to make contact with other birds |
| Pecking | Object peck | Bird is using the beak, in short and quick forward motions of the head, to make contact with either the crate or the sensors on the crate |
| Other | Preen | Beak is used to manipulate the feathers on the bird's own body |
| Other | Head shake | Rapid side-to-side movements of the head. Bird is immobile. Minimum of 2 series of side-to-side movements to be considered |
| Other | Gulp | Head of bird is pointed vertically upward, beak is opened, and bird takes a large gasp of air |
| Other | Scratch | Bird raises its leg over its wing and repeatedly rubs its head with its talons |
| Other | Unidentifiable | Bird cannot be seen, or behavior cannot be characterized |