The effects of PAMK on hepatic lipid metabolism. Quantitative real-time PCR determination of hepatic mRNA expression of genes involved in fatty acid synthesis (A), fatty acid β-oxidation (B). Values were expressed as mean ± SEM in each group. ∗∗P < 0.01 as compared with the CON group; #P < 0.05 as compared with the HELP group; ##P < 0.01 as compared with the HELP group (n = 10). Abbreviations: ATGL, adipose triglyceride lipase; CON, control; CPT-1, carnitine palmitoyl transferase-1; FAS, fatty acid synthase; HELP, high energy and low protein; HELP + P-40, high energy and low protein +40 mg/kg PAMK; HELP + P-200, high energy and low protein +200 mg/kg PAMK; HELP + P-400, high energy and low protein +400 mg/kg PAMK; ACC, acetyl-CoA carboxylase; PAMK, polysaccharide from Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz; PPARα, peroxisome proliferators–activated receptor-α; SCD-1, stearoyl coenzyme dehydrogenase-1.