Table 3.

Effects of green LED light during incubation and dietary macro and trace mineral sources during rearing on tibia morphological, biophysical, and mechanical characteristics at day 42 of age in male broiler chickens (n = 2 chickens per pen; 9 pens per treatment; LSmeans).

Parameter	Incubation		Macro minerals		Trace minerals		SEM	P-values
	Darkness	Green	Inorganic	Organic	Inorganic	Organic		Incubation	Macro minerals	Trace minerals
Tibia weight (g)	16.37	16.46	16.34	16.49	16.35	16.48	0.08	0.47	0.18	0.24
Tibia proximal length (cm)	12.70	12.55	12.49b	12.76a	12.52b	12.73a	0.07	0.15	0.04	0.01
Tibia lateral cortex thickness (cm)	1.33	1.31	1.30	1.34	1.33	1.32	0.01	0.21	0.07	0.43
Tibia head thickness femoral side (cm)	3.23	3.23	3.22	3.24	3.23	3.22	0.01	0.71	0.13	0.45
Tibia head thickness metatarsal side (cm)	3.04	3.03	3.03	3.04	3.04	3.03	0.01	0.86	0.47	0.36
Tibia robusticity index (length/weight)	0.78	0.76	0.77	0.77	0.76	0.78	0.01	0.11	0.48	0.19
Tibia osseous volume (cm3)	25.4	25.3	24.5b	26.1a	25.7	24.9	0.5	0.84	0.02	0.23
Tibia pore volume (cm3)	5.0	4.9	4.8	5.1	5.1	4.8	0.2	0.45	0.15	0.13
Tibia total volume (cm3)	30.4	30.1	29.3b	31.3a	30.9	29.7	0.5	0.69	0.02	0.13
Tibia volume fraction (OV/TV, %)	83	84	84	84	83	84	0.4	0.55	0.99	0.34
Tibia mineral content (g)	15.3	15.2	14.1b	16.3a	15.3	15.1	0.1	0.57	<0.001	0.25
Tibia mineral density (g/cm2)	0.32	0.32	0.27b	0.37a	0.32	0.32	0.01	0.86	<0.001	0.26
Tibia ultimate strength (N)	267	267	261b	272a	266	268	3	0.97	0.006	0.63
Tibia yield strength (N)	234	233	229b	237a	234	233	3	0.77	0.04	0.67
Tibia stiffness (N/mm)	228	224	220b	232a	227	225	2	0.34	0.002	0.73
Tibia energy to fracture (N-mm)	244	244	239b	249a	244	245	3	0.85	0.002	0.80
Tibia elastic modulus (GPa)	12.2	12.7	12.4	12.6	12.6	12.3	0.3	0.29	0.67	0.48

^a,b Values within a row and factor lacking a common superscript differ (P ≤ 0.05).

Abbreviations: LED, light emitting diode; OV, osseous volume; TV, total volume.