Table 4.
Individual-level and within pair associations of PTSD with chronic pain conditions.
| Condition | Individual Level N = 4680 |
Within-Pair Effects DZ Twins n=214 pairs |
Within-Pair Effects MZ Twins n=289 pairs |
|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) a | OR (95% CI) b | OR (95%CI) b | |
| Any Pain | 5.25 (4.3 – 6.41) | 2.75 (1.78; 4.23) | 4.25 (2.71; 6.69) |
| FM | 2.46 (1.47 – 4.12) | 7.81 (0.97; 62.78) | 1.00 (0.25; 4.00) |
| CFS | 6.79 (4.44 – 10.39) | – | 3.00 (0.61; 14.89) |
| IBS | 3.41 (2.46 – 4.73) | 2.67 (1.04; 6.81) | 2.68 (1.24; 5.78) |
| TMD | 3.55 (2.36–5.33) | 3.14 (1.10; 9.00) | 4.50 (0.97; 20.83) |
| Tension Headaches | 9.49 (6.96 – 12.94) | 15.72 (3.94; 62.68) | 6.06 (2.95; 12.45) |
| Migraine Headaches | 4.68 (3.42 – 6.40) | 5.35 (1.94; 14.73) | 3.85 (1.81; 8.20) |
| Chronic Back Pain | 3.79 (3.10 – 4.64) | 1.97 (1.27; 3.06) | 2.90 (1.81; 4.66) |
| Chronic Joint Pain | 4.85 (3.96 – 5.95) | 2.28 (1.44; 3.62) | 3.24 (2.09; 5.03) |
Note:
a
Mixed effects conditional logistic regression controlling for age and twin pair;
b
Conditional logistic regression controlling for age of assessment;
FM = fibromyalgia; CFS = chronic fatigue syndrome; IBS = irritable bowel syndrome; TMD = temporomandibular disorder; Any Pain= the presence of any pain condition; 95% confidence intervals are presented in parentheses; values significant at p ≤ .01 in bold.