Table 2.
Group comparison between patients with and without bacterial bile duct colonization.
| Bacterial colonization (n = 80) | No bacterial colonization (n = 15) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gender, m/f (%) | 58 (72.5)/22 (27.5) | 13 (86.7)/2 (13.3) | .247 |
| Age (years) | 69 (56–73) | 67 (55–73) | .846 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25 (22–29) | 25 (23–27) | .988 |
| Portal vein embolization, n (%) | 35 (43.8) | 8 (53.3) | .494 |
| ASA, n (%) | .426 | ||
| I | 5 (6.3) | 0 | |
| II | 28 (35.0) | 8 (53.3) | |
| III | 44 (55.0) | 7 (46.7) | |
| IV | 3 (3.8) | 0 | |
| V | 0 | 0 | |
| Bismuth type, n (%) | .095 | ||
| I | 2 (2.5) | 2 (13.3) | |
| II | 8 (10.0) | 2 (13.3) | |
| IIIa | 22 (27.5) | 7 (46.7) | |
| IIIb | 17 (21.3) | 2 (13.3) | |
| IV | 31 (38.8) | 2 (13.3) | |
| EBD, n (%) | 73 (91.3) | 9 (60.0) | .001 |
| PBD, n (%) | 23 (28.8) | 3 (20.0) | .485 |
| Preoperative cholangitis, n (%) | 30 (37.5) | 2 (13.3) | .069 |
| Preoperative antibiotics, n (%) | 36 (45.0) | 6 (40.0) | .720 |
| Antibiotic type, n (%) | .990 | ||
| Ciprofloxacin | 23 (63.9) | 5 (83.3) | |
| Piperacillin/tazobactam | 5 (13.9) | 1 (16.7) | |
| Others | 8 (22.2) | 0 | |
| Bacterial bile duct colonization, n (%) | 80 (100) | 0 | |
| Most common bacteria, n (%) | n. a | ||
| Enterococcus faecalis | 31 (38.8) | ||
| Enterococcus faecium | 26 (32.5) | ||
| Enterobacter cloacae | 13 (16.3) | ||
| Escherichia coli | 9 (11.3) | ||
| Klebsiella pneumoniae | 6 (7.5) | ||
| Staphylococcus epidermidis | 6 (7.5) | ||
| Klebsiella oxytoca | 5 (6.3) | ||
| Hafnia alvei | 4 (5.0) | ||
| Citrobacter freundii | 4 (5.0) | ||
| Susceptibility to preoperative antibiotics, n (%) | 8 (25.0) | n. a | |
| Susceptibility to applied perioperative antibiotics, n (%) | 10 (12.5) | n. a | |
| Postoperative abdominal infections, n (%) | 45 (56.3) | 7 (46.7) | .494 |
| Other postoperative infections, n (%) | 17 (21.3) | 1 (14.3) | .186 |
| Abdominal infections bacteria, n (%) | |||
| Enterococcus faecium | 32 (71.1) | 5 (71.4) | .986 |
| Enterococcus faecalis | 12 (26.7) | 4 (57.1) | .104 |
| Enterobacter cloacae | 12 (26.7) | 1 (14.3) | .482 |
| Escherichia coli | 9 (20.0) | 1 (14.3) | .721 |
| Klebsiella pneumoniae | 7 (15.6) | 2 (28.6) | .397 |
| Staphylococcus epidermidis | 4 (8.9) | 1 (14.3) | .652 |
| Klebsiella oxytoca | 3 (6.7) | 0 | .482 |
| Serratia marcescens | 1 (2.2) | 2 (28.6) | .005 |
| Intensive care, days | 2 (1–9) | 2 (1–4) | .715 |
| Hospitalization, days | 22 (13–41) | 18 (21–31) | .345 |
| Postoperative complications, n (%) | .813 | ||
| Clavien–Dindo ≤ IIIa | 40 (50.0) | 7 (46.7) | |
| Clavien–Dindo ≥ IIIb | 40 (50.0) | 8 (53.3) | |
| 30-day mortality, n (%) | 13 (16.3) | 1 (6.7) | .337 |
The various agents described here as “Preoperative antibiotics” describe the preoperative administration and do not refer to perioperative antimicrobial prophylaxis. Data presented as median and interquartile range if not noted otherwise. Bold indicates statistical significance (p < 0.05).
ASA American society of anesthesiologists classification, BMI body mass index, EBD endoscopic biliary drainage, PBD percutaneous biliary drainage, PVE portal vein embolization.