Table 1.

Molecules involved in mechanotransduction in CMs.

Mechanotransduction	Function	Components	Signal pathways
Biophysical sensors	Maintain cellular shape, Resist external mechanical force, Link up inner and outer cellular	Integrins, desmosome, adherens junctions	Akt, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, MAPK-ERK-p38
Biochemical sensors	Regular cardiogenesis and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, maintain heart development under stress, Ca2+-channel regulation, mediating contraction–excitation coupling and heart rhythm	Ras-like small GTP-binding proteins, Ras superfamily including Ras, Rho, Ran, and Rab families	RAS/RAF-dependent MAPK signaling, RhoA signaling RAP-Hippo-YAP pathway