Table 1.
Cutaneous microbiome in HS: next-generation studies (NGS) and immunofluoresence (IF) and fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FSH)
| Study | Participants and methods | Anatomical location | Most common bacteria and other main findings |
|---|---|---|---|
| Riverain-Gillet et al. (2020) [21] |
60 patients and 17 controls Swabs and 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene amplicon sequencing |
Axilla, inguinal folds and gluteal cleft |
Increased anaerobes (such as Prevotella), Actinomyces, Campylobacter ureolyticus and Mobilinucus Reduced commensals including Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus hominis, Cutibacterium acnes and other coagulase-negative staphylococci |
| Naik et al. (2019) [22] |
12 patients and 5 controls Swabs and 16S |
Axilla, gluteal crease, inguinal crease and inframammary fold |
Increased gram-negative and gram-positive anaerobes. Reduced Cutibacterium Microbiome in Hurley stage I disease similar to healthy controls |
| Ring et al. (2019) [23] |
32 patients Swabs of HS tunnels during deroofing and 16S |
Axilla and groin | Porphyromonas, Prevotella and Corynebacterium |
| Guet-Revillet et al. (2017) [24] |
65 patients Swabs, aspirates and biopsies for affected areas. Swabs for unaffected areas. Cultures and 454 high-throughput sequencing |
Axilla, inguinal fold, gluteal fold, buttocks, thighs and breast | Prevotella and Porphyromonas. Increased anaerobes and reduced aerobes. Fusobacterium and Parvimonas predominated in Hurley stage III lesions |
| Ring et al. (2017) [25] |
30 patients and 24 controls Biopsies of affected and unaffected areas. 16 and 18S |
Groin and axilla. All biopsies included a hair follicle | Increased Corynebacterium, Porphyromonas and Peptoniphilus. Reduced Propionibacterium |
| Guet-Revillet et al. (2014) [26] |
82 patients Metagenomics and culture |
Inguinal fold, perineal, buttocks, thigh, gluteal fold, axilla, breast, trunk and neck | Stage I lesions: Staphylococcus lugdensis. Stage II–III lesions: mixed anaerobes, anaerobic actinomycetes and streptococci of the milleri group |
| Jahns et al. (2014) [2] |
27 patients IF and FSH hybridisation on retrospective histological samples |
Arm, axilla, buttocks, genitals and other | 63% had bacterial colonisation. 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole-positive cocci were seen in 71% of samples with biofilms and/or microcolonies. Two cases of Propionibacterium acnes-associated biofilms |