Table 4.
Gamma Regression Coefficients (Patient-Level Data) and Difference-in-Differences in Per-Patient Costs
| Diabetes | Low back pain | |
|---|---|---|
| Prediction | Improved medication adherence in study group leads to lower office costs associated with DM | Reduced reliance on opioids in study group leads to higher costs associated with office-delivered modalities |
| Number of patients | 8777 | 7069 |
| Regression coefficients | ||
| Intercept | 7.3 (0.13) | 7.3 (0.14) |
| Type (study vs. intervention) | − 0.08 (0.18) | − 0.28 (0.19) |
| Time (9 months vs. baseline) | − 0.10 (0.04)* | − 0.31 (0.05)* |
| Time (12 months vs. baseline) | 0.05 (0.04) | − 0.11 (0.05)* |
| Type (study) × time (9 months) | − 0.36 (0.05)* | 0.53 (0.06)* |
| Type (study) × time (12 months) | − 0.57 (0.06)* | 0.51 (0.06)* |
| Difference-in-differences | ||
| Difference-in-difference in claims costs (baseline vs. 9 months) | − $500.80 | $781.47 |
| Difference-in-difference in claims costs (baseline vs. 12 months) | − $841.75 | $867.15 |
Note: *p<0.05; Negative difference-in-differences favor the study group; positive difference-in-differences favor the comparison group