Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study population by quartile of total beans intake in men and women (N = 38,855)a.
| Variables | Men (N = 15,371) | Women (N = 23,484) | ||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 (N = 4,247) <7.14 g/day | Q2 (N = 4,111) 7.14–21.43 g/day | Q3 (N = 3,694) 21.44–50.00 g/day | Q4 (N = 3,319) ≥50.01 g/day | Pb | Q1 (N = 5,895) <4.11 g/day | Q2 (N = 6,741) 4.11–16.67 g/day | Q3 (N = 4,931) 16.68–42.86 g/day | Q4 (N = 5,917) ≥42.87 g/day | Pb | |||||||||
| Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | |||
| Beans (g/day) | 2.4 | 2.8 | 15.3 | 4.0 | 36.6 | 7.8 | 97.1 | 23.6 | <0.001 | 1.0 | 1.4 | 11.6 | 3.9 | 28.6 | 5.6 | 81.6 | 30.4 | <0.001 |
| Serum urate (μmol/L) | 321.1 | 81.6 | 325.0 | 81.2 | 329.3 | 2.9 | 327.3 | 81.4 | <0.001 | 263.5 | 67.9 | 263.6 | 67.8 | 261.2 | 67.2 | 259.0 | 65.3 | 0.002 |
| Age (years) | 58.2 | 12.2 | 57.0 | 12.2 | 55.4 | 12.4 | 55.3 | 12.2 | <0.001 | 56.4 | 11.8 | 55.3 | 11.8 | 54.3 | 12.2 | 53.4 | 12.5 | <0.001 |
| Education (%) | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||||||||||||
| ≤Primary school | 43.0 | 32.9 | 29.6 | 27.6 | 62.2 | 53.6 | 48.2 | 43.0 | ||||||||||
| ≥Junior school | 57.0 | 67.1 | 70.4 | 72.4 | 37.8 | 46.4 | 51.8 | 57.0 | ||||||||||
| Marital status (%) | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||||||||||||
| Married/cohabiting | 87.0 | 90.5 | 91.3 | 91.6 | 86.4 | 90.1 | 90.4 | 91.5 | ||||||||||
| Widowed/single/ divorced/separated |
13.0 | 9.5 | 8.7 | 8.4 | 13.6 | 9.9 | 9.6 | 8.5 | ||||||||||
| Average monthly individual income (%) | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||||||||||||
| <500 RMB | 45.1 | 35.1 | 32.4 | 29.9 | 43.3 | 35.2 | 32.3 | 29.9 | ||||||||||
| 500–1,000 RMB | 30.4 | 34.3 | 32.3 | 30.1 | 31.0 | 35.9 | 35.2 | 32.5 | ||||||||||
| ≥1,000 RMB | 24.5 | 30.6 | 35.3 | 40.0 | 25.7 | 28.9 | 32.5 | 37.6 | ||||||||||
| Smoking status (%) | 0.008 | 0.517 | ||||||||||||||||
| Non-smoker | 32.8 | 32.5 | 30.0 | 30.8 | 99.5 | 99.7 | 99.7 | 99.6 | ||||||||||
| Ex-smoker | 20.1 | 20.8 | 20.8 | 19.0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | ||||||||||
| Smoker | 47.0 | 46.6 | 49.2 | 50.2 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.3 | ||||||||||
| Drinking status (%) | <0.001 | 0.053 | ||||||||||||||||
| Non-drinker | 55.0 | 45.9 | 43.1 | 41.8 | 97.2 | 97.1 | 97.5 | 96.8 | ||||||||||
| Ex-drinker | 11.3 | 11.5 | 11.2 | 11.1 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.2 | ||||||||||
| Drinker | 33.6 | 42.6 | 45.7 | 47.1 | 2.4 | 2.7 | 2.2 | 3.0 | ||||||||||
| Physical activity (%) | 0.213 | <0.001 | ||||||||||||||||
| Low | 35.8 | 35.1 | 37.0 | 34.4 | 29.7 | 31.4 | 28.5 | 30.9 | ||||||||||
| Moderate | 27.9 | 27.2 | 127.6 | 28.7 | 43.3 | 42.5 | 45.6 | 45.7 | ||||||||||
| High | 36.3 | 37.8 | 35.5 | 36.9 | 27.0 | 26.1 | 25.9 | 23.5 | ||||||||||
| Diabetes mellitus (%) | 0.001 | 0.467 | ||||||||||||||||
| No | 92.2 | 91.0 | 90.5 | 89.6 | 90.4 | 90.1 | 90.9 | 90.0 | ||||||||||
| Yes | 7.8 | 9.0 | 9.5 | 10.4 | 9.6 | 9.9 | 9.1 | 10.0 | ||||||||||
| Hypertension (%) | 0.016 | 0.114 | ||||||||||||||||
| No | 74.7 | 72.2 | 71.8 | 72.4 | 74.3 | 73.0 | 73.6 | 74.8 | ||||||||||
| Yes | 25.3 | 27.8 | 28.2 | 27.6 | 25.7 | 27.0 | 26.4 | 25.2 | ||||||||||
| DYS (%) | <0.001 | 0.110 | ||||||||||||||||
| No | 62.9 | 59.6 | 56.9 | 59.5 | 63.6 | 63.4 | 64.6 | 65.2 | ||||||||||
| Yes | 37.1 | 40.4 | 43.1 | 40.5 | 36.4 | 36.6 | 35.4 | 34.8 | ||||||||||
| WC (cm) | 83.9 | 10.6 | 85.4 | 10.5 | 86.7 | 10.5 | 86.8 | 10.3 | <0.001 | 82.7 | 10.3 | 82.9 | 10.2 | 83.4 | 10.1 | 83.4 | 10.0 | <0.001 |
| Red meat (g/day) | 27.6 | 34.3 | 34.3 | 35.5 | 40.67 | 37.2 | 50.0 | 43.0 | <0.001 | 20.6 | 29.3 | 23.0 | 28.1 | 29.0 | 31.6 | 35.5 | 36.7 | <0.001 |
| White meat (g/day) | 10.6 | 14.4 | 13.5 | 14.9 | 16.9 | 16.8 | 20.6 | 18.9 | <0.001 | 8.2 | 12.5 | 9.9 | 12.8 | 13.3 | 15.2 | 15.7 | 17.0 | <0.001 |
| Fish (g/day) | 3.0 | 4.8 | 4.2 | 5.4 | 5.0 | 5.9 | 5.8 | 6.5 | <0.001 | 2.1 | 4.0 | 2.9 | 4.4 | 3.8 | 5.3 | 4.5 | 5.8 | <0.001 |
| Milk (g/day) | 9.0 | 18.2 | 12.0 | 20.2 | 13.2 | 21.1 | 14.7 | 22.2 | <0.001 | 7.8 | 17.4 | 11.4 | 19.8 | 13.1 | 21.2 | 16.2 | 22.9 | <0.001 |
| Vegetable intake (g/day) | 318.1 | 195.5 | 318.6 | 176.2 | 332.3 | 176.6 | 351.9 | 203.6 | <0.001 | 308.6 | 183.1 | 298.4 | 165.8 | 313.4 | 164.4 | 321.2 | 185.1 | <0.001 |
| Fruit intake (g/day) | 107.9 | 131.3 | 122.9 | 132.8 | 136.1 | 133.6 | 163.2 | 146.6 | <0.001 | 118.7 | 133.4 | 134.1 | 130.9 | 154.5 | 1312 | 181.2 | 142.5 | <0.001 |
| Energy intake (kJ) | 2538.8 | 672.3 | 2616.5 | 655.2 | 2740.5 | 642.7 | 3090.8 | 712.4 | <0.001 | 2115.9 | 569.3 | 2152.3 | 525.8 | 2284.4 | 529.5 | 2557.0 | 612.5 | <0.001 |
| Gout (%) | 0.178 | 0.849 | ||||||||||||||||
| No | 99.7 | 99.8 | 99.5 | 99.5 | 99.6 | 99.6 | 99.7 | 99.6 | ||||||||||
| Yes | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.4 | ||||||||||
| Family history of gout (%) | 0.481 | 0.441 | ||||||||||||||||
| No | 99.9 | 99.9 | 99.8 | 99.8 | 99.8 | 99.7 | 99.7 | 99.7 | ||||||||||
| Yes | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | ||||||||||
DYS, dyslipidemia; Q1–Q4, quartile of beans intake (from lowest to highest); SD, standard deviations; WC, waist circumference.
a
Continuous variables were presented as mean ± SD (n); categorical variables are shown as n (%).
b
P-value was calculated by ANOVA for continuous variables and the χ2-test for categorical variables.