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. 2021 Jan 21;11:615122. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2020.615122

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Copyright © 2021 Garcia, Martinez, Diaz and Santamaria.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Reproduction effect sizes classified by subgroups. Fitness was analyzed based in different parameters related to reproduction. Subgroups included feeding guild (A), type of plant host (B), plant ontogenetic stage (C), infestation length (D) and magnitude of infestation (E). Sample sizes are provided in brackets. Symbols specify mean values of Hedge's g with their 95% CI. Negative values indicate a higher negative effect in fitness on attacked plants than control plants. No statistical differences are present between subgroups (p-value > 0.05). When comparing two groups, statistical analyses were performed using the parametric Student's t-test with Welch's correction for unequal variances. If more than two groups were compared, statistical analysis were performed using One-way ANOVA for normally distributed data. Rosenberg's fail-safe numbers are reported in italics. An asterisk indicates a significant fail-safe number.