Table 3.

ECHO Effectiveness

Pre-/post-ECHO*	Pre	Post	p value
	Mean (SD)	Mean (SD)
Knowledge; % correct (n = 74)	76% (21%)	82% (18%)	0.002
Very prepared to: (n = 62)†	Pre	Post	p value
	n (%)	n (%)
Make a diagnosis of SUD	25 (40)	35 (56)	0.072
Discuss community treatment options	16 (26)	28 (45)	0.024
Discuss overdose prevention	14 (23)	33 (53)	> 0.001
Discuss harm reduction	8 (13)	33 (53)	> 0.001
MD, DO, NP, and PA prescribing practice, frequency (n = 39)
Initiate methadone at least sometimes‡	8 (20)	10 (26)	0.59
Initiate buprenorphine at least sometimes‡	14 (36)	20 (51)	0.17
Always offer naloxone to those at risk of opioid overdose§	11 (28)	14 (36)	0.46
Always refer to OUD treatment§	3 (8)	5 (13)	0.45
Post-ECHO (n = 82)∥		Post
		n (%)
ECHO participation helped me understand resources to treat SUD in my community a lot¶	–	45 (55)	–
ECHO participation changed the way I think about caring for people with SUD#	–	59 (72)	–
ECHO participation changed my personal practice#	–	58 (71)	–
ECHO participation effected the way that providers in my hospital work together to care for patients with SUD a lot¶	–	29 (35)	–

SD = standard deviation; OUD = opioid use disorder; SUD = substance use disorder

*Includes participants who attended 50% or more of sessions and completed baseline and follow-up surveys

†Very prepared vs. less than very prepared (very unprepared, somewhat unprepared, neither, somewhat prepared) dichotomized from a 5-point Likert scale

‡At least sometimes (sometimes, often, always) vs. less than sometimes (rarely, never) dichotomized from a 5-point Likert scale

^§Always vs. less than always (never, rarely, sometimes, often) dichotomized from a 5-point Likert scale

^∥Includes participants who attended 50% or more of sessions and completed the follow-up survey

^¶A lot vs. less than a lot (not at all, a little, some) dichotomized from 4-point Likert items

^#Yes vs. no