Table 4.
The size of the head and classification with regard to the presence and character of encephalopathy (A, B), neural tube defects (C), type of spasticity (D, E), and epilepsy (F, G).
| (A) The size of the head—dysmorphology classification (HC) and classification with regard to the presence and character of encephalopathy | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Classification with regard to the presence and character of encephalopathy | The size of the head—dysmorphology classification (HC) by z-score HC (p = 0.060; Cp = 0.164) | ||||||
| Normal | Microcephaly | Macrocephaly | Total | ||||
| N (%) | ASR | N (%) | ASR | N (%) | ASR | N (%) | |
| PE | 8 | 1.3 | 0 | − 1.1 | 0 | − 0.6 | 8 |
| NPE | 236 (82%) | − 1.6 | 41 (14%) | 2.6 | 10 (4%) | − 1.2 | 287 |
| NMD | 29 (91%) | 1.1 | 0 | − 2.3 | 3 (9%) | 1.6 | 32 |
| Total | 273 (83.5%) | 41 (12.5%) | 13 (4%) | 327 | |||
| (B) The size of the head—traditional classification (HC) and classification with regard to the presence and character of encephalopathy | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Classification with regard to the presence and character of encephalopathy | The size of the head—traditional classification (HC) by z-score HC (p = 0.006; Cp = 0.206) | ||||||
| Normal | Microcephaly | Macrocephaly | Total | ||||
| N (%) | ASR | N (%) | ASR | N (%) | ASR | N (%) | |
| PE | 7 (87.5%) | 1.2 | 1 (12.5%) | − 0.7 | 0 | − 0.9 | 8 |
| NPE | 195 (68%) | − 0.6 | 69 (24%) | 2.4 | 23 (8%) | − 2.4 | 287 |
| NMD | 22 (69%) | 0.0 | 2 (6%) | − 2.3 | 8 (25%) | 3.2 | 24 |
| Total | 224 (68.5%) | 72 (22%) | 31 (9.5%) | 327 | |||
| (C) Relationship between the size of the head—traditional classification (HC) and encephalopathy in neural tube defects | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Encephalopathy in neural tube defects | The size of the head—traditional classification (HC) by z-score HC (p = 0.004; Cp = 0.564) | ||||||
| Normal | Microcephaly | Macrocephaly | Total | ||||
| N (%) | ASR | N (%) | ASR | N (%) | ASR | N (%) | |
| sasMMC&HCP | 14 (82%) | 3.1 | 0 | − 2.3 | 3 (18%) | − 1.9 | 17 |
| sasMMC, sasMM, ACM, HCP | 1 (14%) | − 3.1 | 2 (29%) | 2.3 | 4 (57%) | 1.9 | 7 |
| Total | 15 (63%) | 2 (8%) | 7 (29%) | 24 | |||
| (D) The size of the head—traditional classification (HC) and type of spasticity | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Type of spasticity | The size of the head—traditional classification (HC) by z-score HC (p = 0.034; Cp = 0.211) | ||||||
| Normal | Microcephaly | Macrocephaly | Total | ||||
| N (%) | ASR | N (%) | ASR | N (%) | ASR | N (%) | |
| Diplegia | 62 (69%) | − 0.4 | 19 (21%) | − 0.6 | 9 (10%) | 1.9 | 90 |
| Hemiplegia | 47 (82.5%) | 2.3 | 8 (14%) | − 1.9 | 2 (3.5%) | − 1.0 | 57 |
| Tetraplegia | 48 (63%) | − 1.7 | 25 (33%) | 2.4 | 3 (4%) | − 1.0 | 76 |
| Total | 157 (71%) | 52 (23%) | 14 (6%) | 223 | |||
| (E) Relationship between the size of the head—traditional classification (HC) and type of spasticity | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Type of spasticity | The size of the head—traditional classification (HC) by z-score HC (p = 0.041; Cp = 0.167) | ||||||
| Normal | Microcephaly | Macrocephaly | Total | ||||
| N (%) | ASR | N (%) | ASR | N (%) | ASR | N (%) | |
| Tetraplegic | 48 (63%) | − 1.7 | 25 (33%) | 2.4 | 3 (4%) | − 1.0 | 76 |
| Other: diplegic, hemiplegic | 109 (74%) | 1.7 | 27 (18%) | − 2.4 | 11 (8%) | 1.0 | 147 |
| Total | 157 (70%) | 52 (23%) | 14 (7%) | 223 | |||
| (F) The size of the head—dysmorphology classification (HC) and epilepsy | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Additional diagnosis epilepsy | The size of the head—dysmorphology classification (HC) by z-score HC (p = 0.000; Cp = 0.251) | ||||||
| Normal | Microcephaly | Macrocephaly | Total | ||||
| N (%) | ASR | N (%) | ASR | N (%) | ASR | N (%) | |
| Present | 59 (69%) | − 4.3 | 23 (27%) | 4.6 | 4 (4%) | 0.4 | 86 |
| Absent | 214 (89%) | 4.3 | 18 (7%) | − 4.6 | 9 (4%) | − 0.4 | 241 |
| Total | 273 (83.5%) | 41 (12.5%) | 13 (4%) | 327 | |||
| (G) The size of the head—traditional classification (HC) and epilepsy | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Additional diagnosis epilepsy | The size of the head—traditional classification (HC) by z-score HC (p < 0.001; Cp = 0.245) | ||||||
| Normal | Microcephaly | Macrocephaly | Total | ||||
| N (%) | ASR | N (%) | ASR | N (%) | ASR | N (%) | |
| Present | 45 (52%) | − 3.8 | 34 (40%) | 4.6 | 7 (8%) | − 0.5 | 86 |
| Absent | 179 (74%) | 3.8 | 38 (16%) | − 4.6 | 24 (10%) | 0.5 | 241 |
| Total | 224 (68.5%) | 72 (22%) | 31 (9.5%) | 327 | |||
N numbers of patients; % percent; p probability value calculated by chi-square test of independence; Cp Pearson’s Contingency Coefficient C, Cp ≥ 0, values distant from 0 reflect some relationship; values approaching 1 correspond to a perfect association; ASR adjusted standardized residuals, values > 1.96 reflect a greater number, and those below < − 1.96 correspond to a smaller number than a random distribution.