Table 1.
Milestones for ASM in translational sepsis research.
| Finding | Year | References |
|---|---|---|
| First observation of sphingomyelin hydrolysis at acid conditions | 1963 | (1) |
| ASM deficiency as molecular basis of Niemann-Pick disease, types A and B (NPD-A and NPD-B, respectively) | 1966 | (30) |
| Purification of ASM from urine (obtained from septic patients) | 1987, 1989 | (2, 3) |
| Description of a Zn++-dependent secreted isoform of ASM | 1989, 1996 | (31, 32) |
| Sequencing, cloning, and locus mapping of full-length ASM | 1991 | (14, 15) |
| Generation of ASM-deficient mice as NPD model | 1995 | (33) |
| Association with severity in septic patients | 2005 | (34) |
| Phosphorylation of S508 for activation and translocation | 2007 | (35) |
| Cationic amphiphilic drugs as functional inhibitors of ASM (FIASMA) | 2010 | (36) |
| Crystal structure of mammalian ASM | 2016 | (29) |
| Triple combination of FIASMA blocking Ebola virus infection | 2017 | (37) |
| Re-evaluation of the puzzle | 2019 | (38) |
Description of milestones, which are mostly relevant for a better understanding of the role of ASM during host response, development of organ failure, and proposed treatment thereof.