Table 1.

Potential targets of subchondral bone remodeling for OA under investigation.

OA phase	Potential target	Possible drug	References
Early	Estrogen/Estrogen receptor	Raloxifene; Tibolone	Yang et al., 2014; Bei et al., 2020
	TGFβ	Halofuginone; Artesunate	Cui et al., 2016; Li et al., 2019
	COX2/PEG2	NSAIDs	Massicotte et al., 2002; Tu et al., 2019
Early-Late	PDGF; VEGF	Bevacizumab	Nagai et al., 2014
	H-Type (CD31highEmcnhigh) vessel	Defactinib	Kusumbe et al., 2014; Hu et al., 2020
N/A	YAP	Verteporfin	Zhang et al., 2020