Table 3.

Clinical results of subchondral bone MSC therapy for OA patients.

Bilateral clinical study		OA condition before treatment	No. of Knees	Age/Gender	Treatment details	Clinical results		References
						Short-term follow-up	Long-term follow-up
1	MSC subchondral bone injection	Bilateral knee osteoarthritis	60	61 y (48–72 y) 25M/35F	5,727 BMSCs/mL; 20 mL total (10 mL in medial tibial plateau; 10 mL in medial femoral condyle)	Knee score (2 years): 79.3 ± 12; Elevated K-L score (2 years): 2/60	Yearly arthroplasty incidence: 1.3%; TKA incidence: 20% (12/60)	Hernigou et al., 2020a
	MSC IA injection		60		5,727 BMSCs/mL; 20 mL into joint	Knee score (2 years): 64 ± 21; Elevated K-L score (2 years): 11/60	Yearly arthroplasty incidence: 4.6%; TKA incidence: 70% (42/60)
2	MSC subchondral bone injection	Planned for staged-bilateral TKA for medial osteoarthritis; “comparable” pain in both knees	140	75.4 y (65–90 y) 53M/87F	7,800 BMSCs/mL; 20 mL total (10 mL in medial tibia plateau; 10 mL in femoral condyle)	Average BML size (before treatment): 3.4 cm3 (0.4–6.9) Average BML size (2 years): 2.1 cm3 (1.2–5.7)	TKA incidence: 18% (25/140)	Hernigou et al., 2020b
	TKA		140		TKA	Average BML size: N/A	TKA revision incidence: 15% (21/140)
3	MSC subchondral bone injection	Bilateral osteoarthritis; secondary to knee ON related to corticosteroids	30	28 y (18–40 y) 12M/18F	6,500 BMSCs/mL; 40 mL (10 mL in medial tibial plateau; 10 mL in medial femoral condyle; 10 mL in lateral tibial plateau; 10 mL in lateral femoral condyle)	Knee score (3 mo): 81.3 ± 12	TKA incidence: 10% (3/30)	Hernigou et al., 2018
	TKA		30		TKA	Knee score (3 mo): 79 ± 21	TKA revision rate: 20% (6/30); re-revision: (2/6)

MSCs, mesenchymal stem cells; IA, intra-articular injection; BMLs, bone marrow lesions; TKA, total knee arthroplasty; ON, osteonecrosis.