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. 2021 Jan 21;8:621760. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2020.621760

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Copyright © 2021 Savio, Robson and Longhi.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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CD39 regulation. CD39 regulation at the transcriptional level is mediated by different pathways that include aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) signaling activation and cytokines like IL-6, which activates STAT-3, and TGF-β, which downregulates Gfi-1. STAT-3 and Gfi-1 are transcription factors with opposing effects on CD39 induction. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1α) and hypoxia play a dual role, sustaining CD39 induction via specificity protein-1 (Sp1) or limiting it upon inhibition of AhR signaling.