Table 1.
CD39 inducers and suppressors in immune and endothelial cells.
| Cell Type | CD39 Inducers | CD39 Suppressors |
|---|---|---|
| Th1 | Ryegrass pollen (Mittag et al., 2010); anti-CD3/CD28, ITE (Goettel et al., 2016) | Unclear |
| Th2 | Ryegrass pollen (Mittag et al., 2010) | Unclear |
| Th17 | UCB (Longhi et al., 2017); IL-6/STAT-3 (Chalmin et al., 2012); TGF-β (Chalmin et al., 2012) | Gfi-1, IL-1β, IL-23 (Chalmin et al., 2012); HIF-1α (Xie et al., 2018) |
| CD8+ | IL-6+IL-27 (Canale et al., 2018); TGF-β (Duhen et al., 2018); anti-CD3/CD28 via JNK and NFkB signaling (Bai et al., 2015) | Unclear |
| Treg | FOXP3; TGF-β; IL-27 (Park et al., 2019); IL-35 (Kochetkova et al., 2010); AhR (Gandhi et al., 2010), IL-33 (Biton et al., 2016) | ROS (Gerner et al., 2020) |
| Tr1 | IL-27 (Mascanfroni et al., 2015); AhR (Mascanfroni et al., 2015) | Hypoxia/HIF-1α (Mascanfroni et al., 2015) |
| B | RanBPM (Wu et al., 2006); LMP1(Masciarelli et al., 2002) | Unclear |
| NK | IL-6 (Zheng et al., 2020) | Unclear |
| iNKT | Anti-CD3, IL-12, IL-18, A2A agonists (Yu et al., 2018) | Unclear |
| Macrophage | STAT-3 and NF-κB (Savio et al., 2017b); AhR (Takenaka et al., 2019) | PDE3 (Baek et al., 2013) |
| DC | IL-27 via STAT-3 (Mascanfroni et al., 2013), TGF-β (Torres-Aguilar et al., 2010), IL-27 (Alameddine et al., 2019) | IL-10 (Torres-Aguilar et al., 2010) |
| Neutrophil | IL-6 (Lazar et al., 2016) | Unclear |
| Endothelial | Statins (Kaneider et al., 2002); Sp1 (Eltzschig et al., 2009) | Thrombin (Kaneider et al., 2002); IL-6; TGF-β (Roy et al., 2018); phenolic compounds (Saji et al., 2019) |
Th1, T helper type 1; Th2, T helper type 2; Th17, T helper type 17; UCB, unconjugated bilirubin; FOXP3, forkhead box P3; Treg, T regulatory cell; Tr1, T regulatory type 1; AhR, aryl hydrocarbon receptor; HIF-1α, hypoxia inducible factor 1alpha; RanBPM, Ran-binding protein M; LMP1, latent membrane protein 1; NK, natural killer; iNKT, invariant natural killer T; NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain enhancer of activated B cells; PDE3, phosphodiesterase 3; DC, dendritic cell.