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. 2021 Feb 3;11:2946. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-82369-z

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Hypotheses for the structure and content of A. spiralis and P. ankaliazontas mitochondrial DNA. (a) A. spiralis ‘maxicircle’ DNA is likely linear, and approximately 19.5 kbp. A single contiguous DNA sequence could not be assembled; this hypothesis is based on consideration of long contigs from each of A. spiralis clones PhF-5 and PhF-6, along with manual correction of sequences. (b) A. spiralis PhF-6 gRNA-encoding maxicircles, also linear, are typically ~ 600 bp in length, and consist of a highly conserved region, along with a single gRNA-encoding region. A subset of 100 contigs was selected for display. (c) P. ankaliazontas encodes mitochondrial proteins on several ‘maxicircles’, most of which are circular-mapping. Each maxicircle has a conserved region. (d) P. ankaliazontas minicircles are also circular-mapping, are typically 1300–2200 bp, encode 2 gRNAs, and contain a conserved region. A subset of 100 contigs were selected for display. Black shading in genes in (a) and (c) correspond to a gene region that is edited; white regions are unedited. The frequency of U indel editing is presented for each gene in Supplementary Material, Table S2. Shading in (b) and (d) correspond to sequence identify of ≥ 90%, corresponding to minicircle backbone sequence, whereas divergent are similar to mitochondrial mRNAs, suggesting a role in RNA-editing.