Table II.

Late adverse reactions to phototherapy in neonatal hyperbilirubinemia.

Late adverse reactions	Underlying mechanisms	Signal molecules	Targets	Preventive measures	(Refs.)
Phototherapy and allergic diseases	Oxidative stress induced by phototherapy damages the relevant regulatory genes of Th2 to Th1 conversion, resulting in disrupted Th2 to Th1 conversion	-	Correlation regulatory genes converted from Th2 to Th1	Intermittent phototherapy applied when possible	(8,42,90-100)
DNA damage by phototherapy	May be associated with production of oxygen free radicals, BCL2 downregulation and BAX upregulation	BCL2 gene, BAX gene	DNA of the mitochondria and nucleus	Intermittent phototherapy applied when possible to reduce oxidative stress	(10,11,41,50,100-106)
Phototherapy and tumor	May be associated with oxidative stress	-	-	Intermittent phototherapy applied when possible to reduce oxidative stress associated with tumorigenesis	(12,51,107-112)
Phototherapy and infant mortality	May be associated with oxidative stress	-	-	Intermittent phototherapy applied when possible to shorten the duration of light exposure	(13,113-115)