Table 3.
Multiple adjusted hazard ratios of cardiovascular events according to quartiles of nut intake (time per week).
| Events rate | Crude model | Model 1a | Model 2b | Model 3c | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | Person-year | HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | |
| MI | ||||||
| MI | ||||||
| Q1 | 50 | 13711.9 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Q2 | 45 | 13198.9 | 0.94 (0.63–1.40) | 0.74 (0.49–1.12) | 0.92 (0.61–1.41) | 0.98 (0.61–1.59) |
| Q3 | 35 | 13907.8 | 0.69 (0.45–1.06) | 0.73 (0.47–1.14) | 0.89 (0.57–1.40) | 0.90 (0.56–1.46) |
| Q4 | 26 | 14198.5 | 0.50 (0.31–0.81) | 0.61 (0.38–1) | 0.75 (0.46–1.23) | 0.77 (0.45–1.30) |
| P for trend | 0.002 | 0.05 | 0.28 | 0.31 | ||
| PH assumption | 0.69 | 0.81 | 0.99 | 0.82 | ||
| IHD | ||||||
| Q1 | 180 | 13201.3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Q2 | 166 | 12807.1 | 0.95 (0.77–1.18) | 0.81 (0.66–1.01) | 0.98 (0.78–1.21) | 1.07 (0.84–1.37) |
| Q3 | 133 | 13518.9 | 0.72 (0.57–0.90) | 0.83 (0.66–1.04) | 0.96 (0.76–1.21) | 1.01 (0.79–1.28) |
| Q4 | 115 | 13785.5 | 0.61 (0.48–0.77) | 0.80 (0.63–1.02) | 0.93 (0.73–1.19) | 0.98 (0.76–1.27) |
| P for trend | <0.001 | 0.07 | 0.56 | 0.81 | ||
| PH assumption | 0.90 | 0.80 | 0.65 | 0.67 | ||
| Stroke | ||||||
| Q1 | 57 | 13711.5 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Q2 | 44 | 13187.9 | 0.81 (0.55–1.20) | 0.72 (0.48–1.07) | 0.91 (0.60–1.36) | 1.15 (0.72–1.82) |
| Q3 | 27 | 13950.8 | 0.46 (0.29–0.73) | 0.59 (0.37–0.93) | 0.73 (0.46–1.17) | 0.86 (0.53–1.41) |
| Q4 | 29 | 14198.1 | 0.49 (0.31–0.77) | 0.72 (0.45–1.13) | 0.95 (0.59–1.51) | 1.13 (0.68–1.87) |
| P for trend | <0.001 | 0.07 | 0.52 | 0.96 | ||
| PH assumption | 0.48 | 0.28 | 0.35 | 0.19 | ||
| CVD | ||||||
| Q1 | 237 | 13008.6 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Q2 | 210 | 12612.9 | 0.92 (0.76–1.11) | 0.79 (0.65–0.95) | 0.97 (0.80–1.17) | 1.11 (0.89–1.38) |
| Q3 | 160 | 13425.4 | 0.65 (0.53–0.79) | 0.77 (0.63–0.94) | 0.91 (0.74–1.11) | 0.98 (0.79–1.22) |
| Q4 | 144 | 13657.4 | 0.57 (0.47–0.70) | 0.78 (0.63–0.96) | 0.93 (0.75–1.16) | 1.02 (0.81–1.28) |
| P for trend | <0.001 | 0.013 | 0.41 | 0.86 | ||
| PH assumption | 0.84 | 0.73 | 0.89 | 0.79 | ||
| All-cause mortality | ||||||
| Q1 | 129 | 13899.8 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Q2 | 181 | 13353 | 1.47 (1.17–1.84) | 1.12 (0.89–1.42) | 1.21 (0.95–1.53) | 1.05 (0.79–1.39) |
| Q3 | 88 | 14039.5 | 0.67 (0.51–0.88) | 0.89 (0.68–1.18) | 0.99 (0.75–1.31) | 0.91 (0.67–1.22) |
| Q4 | 60 | 14326.1 | 0.45 (0.33–0.61) | 0.77 (0.56–1.05) | 0.84 (0.61–1.16) | 0.79 (0.56–1.12) |
| P for trend | <0.001 | 0.06 | 0.23 | 0.12 | ||
| PH assumption | 0.56 | 0.58 | 0.60 | 0.27 | ||
| CVD mortality | ||||||
| Q1 | 60 | 13899.8 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Q2 | 68 | 13353 | 1.19 (0.84–1.68) | 0.88 (0.61–1.26) | 1.11 (0.77–1.60) | 1.04 (0.67–1.60) |
| Q3 | 36 | 14039.5 | 0.59 (0.39–0.89) | 0.77 (0.50–1.17) | 0.97 (0.63–1.48) | 0.91 (0.58–1.44) |
| Q4 | 15 | 14326.1 | 0.24 (0.14–0.42) | 0.41 (0.23–0.73) | 0.54 (0.30–0.97) | 0.55 (0.30–0.98) |
| P for trend | <0.001 | 0.003 | 0.08 | 0.08 | ||
| PH assumption | 0.37 | 0.69 | 0.48 | 0.58 | ||
Q, Quartile; HR (95% CI), Hazard ratio (95% confidence interval); MI, Myocardial Infraction; IHD, Ischemic heart disease (MI + Sudden cardiac death+ Unstable angina); CVD, Cardiovascular disease.
Adjusted for age(year) and sex (men/women).
Additionally, adjusted for education (illiterate/primary school/more than primary school), residency (urban/rural), smoking status (never/past/current smoker), daily physical activity (METs-min/day), family history of cardiovascular disease (yes/no), diabetes mellitus (yes/no), hypertension (yes/no), hypercholesterolemia (yes/no), and aspirin use.
Additionally, adjusted for body mass index (kg/m2), dietary factor including red meat, fish, fruit and vegetable, hydrogenated and non-hydrogenated vegetable oil, fast food, cereals, legumes, animal fats, sweets, soft drink, and beverages.