Table 4.
Multiple adjusted hazard ratios of cardiovascular events according to quartiles of nut intake (time per week) for women.
| Events rate | Crude model | Model 1a | Model 2b | Model 3c | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | Person-year | HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | |
| MI | ||||||
| Q1 | 30 | 8975.1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Q2 | 10 | 5823.1 | 0.52 (0.25–1.06) | 0.49 (0.24–1.01) | 0.55 (0.27–1.15) | 0.52 (0.22–1.21) |
| Q3 | 8 | 6393.6 | 0.37 (0.17–0.82) | 0.49 (0.22–1.08) | 0.59 (0.27–1.32) | 0.56 (0.24–1.30) |
| Q4 | 10 | 7172.9 | 0.42 (0.20–0.85) | 0.62 (0.30–1.30) | 0.80 (0.37–1.72) | 0.72 (0.31–1.67) |
| P for trend | 0.004 | 0.08 | 0.33 | 0.31 | ||
| PH assumption | 0.61 | 0.85 | 0.81 | 0.55 | ||
| IHD | ||||||
| Q1 | 100 | 8655.2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Q2 | 64 | 5666.7 | 0.98 (0.72–1.34) | 0.95 (0.69–1.30) | 1.13 (0.82–1.55) | 1.26 (0.87–1.80) |
| Q3 | 52 | 6211.9 | 0.72 (0.51–1.01) | 0.97 (0.69–1.37) | 1.10 (0.78–1.55) | 1.15 (0.80–1.65) |
| Q4 | 50 | 6948.2 | 0.61 (0.44–0.86) | 0.96 (0.67–1.36) | 1.18 (0.83–1.69) | 1.22 (0.83–1.79) |
| P for trend | 0.002 | 0.80 | 0.36 | 0.34 | ||
| PH assumption | 0.46 | 0.37 | 0.37 | 0.24 | ||
| Stroke | ||||||
| Q1 | 38 | 8940.2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Q2 | 16 | 5791.4 | 0.65 (0.36–1.17) | 0.64 (0.35–1.14) | 0.75 (0.42–1.36) | 1.14 (0.59–2.17) |
| Q3 | 12 | 6384.1 | 0.44 (0.23–0.84) | 0.54 (0.28–1.05) | 0.67 (0.35–1.31) | 0.86 (0.43–1.71) |
| Q4 | 14 | 7147.4 | 0.46 (0.25–0.85) | 0.62 (0.33–1.17) | 0.74 (0.38–1.44) | 0.95 (0.46–1.93) |
| P for trend | 0.003 | 0.06 | 0.24 | 0.77 | ||
| PH assumption | 0.40 | 0.37 | 0.21 | 0.16 | ||
| CVD | ||||||
| Q1 | 138 | 8511.2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Q2 | 80 | 5609.1 | 0.88 (0.67–1.16) | 0.85 (0.65–1.12) | 1.01 (0.77–1.34) | 1.23 (0.90–1.69) |
| Q3 | 65 | 6182.2 | 0.63 (0.47–0.85) | 0.84 (0.62–1.13) | 0.97 (0.71–1.31) | 1.08 (0.78–1.48) |
| Q4 | 64 | 6880 | 0.56 (0.42–0.76) | 0.86 (0.63–1.16) | 1.06 (0.78–1.46) | 1.15 (0.82–1.62) |
| P for trend | <0.001 | 0.24 | 0.81 | 0.48 | ||
| PH assumption | 0.76 | 0.71 | 0.84 | 0.67 | ||
| All-cause mortality | ||||||
| Q1 | 67 | 9084.2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Q2 | 76 | 5847.1 | 1.78 (1.28–2.47) | 1.65 (1.19–2.30) | 1.73 (1.24–2.41) | 1.44 (0.96–2.17) |
| Q3 | 28 | 6409 | 0.59 (0.38–0.91) | 0.95 (0.61–1.48) | 1.02 (0.65–1.60) | 0.95 (0.58–1.54) |
| Q4 | 26 | 7215.5 | 0.48 (0.31–0.76) | 0.99 (0.62–1.58) | 1.17 (0.73–1.87) | 1.17 (0.69–1.95) |
| P for trend | <0.001 | 0.85 | 0.61 | 0.92 | ||
| PH assumption | 0.73 | 0.86 | 0.99 | 0.51 | ||
| CVD mortality | ||||||
| Q1 | 27 | 9084.2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Q2 | 27 | 5847.08 | 1.57 (0.92–2.67) | 1.44 (0.84–2.46) | 1.68 (0.98–2.90) | 1.59 (0.83–3.02) |
| Q3 | 14 | 6409 | 0.73 (0.38–1.39) | 1.18 (0.61–2.27) | 1.45 (0.75–2.83) | 1.62 (0.78–3.33) |
| Q4 | 6 | 7215.5 | 0.28 (0.11–0.67) | 0.58 (0.23–1.41) | 0.84 (0.33–2.12) | 1.03 (0.39–2.72) |
| P for trend | 0.002 | 0.49 | 0.71 | 0.53 | ||
| PH assumption | 0.52 | 0.76 | 0.55 | 0.82 | ||
Q, Quartile; HR (95% CI), Hazard ratio (95% confidence interval); MI, Myocardial Infraction; IHD, Ischemic heart disease (MI + Sudden cardiac death); CVD, Cardiovascular disease.
Adjusted for age(year).
Additionally, adjusted for education (illiterate/primary school/more than primary school), residency (urban/rural), smoking status (never/past/current smoker), daily physical activity (METs–min/day), family history of cardiovascular disease (yes/no), diabetes mellitus (yes/no), hypertension (yes/no), hypercholesterolemia (yes/no), aspirin use, and post-menopause (yes/no).
Additionally, adjusted for body mass index (kg/m2), dietary factor including red meat, fish, fruit and vegetable, hydrogenated and non–hydrogenated vegetable oil, fast food, cereals, legumes, animal fats, sweets, soft drink, and beverages.