Table 5.
Multiple adjusted hazard ratios of cardiovascular events according to quartiles of nut intake (time per week) for men.
| Events rate | Crude model | Model 1a | Model 2b | Model 3c | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | Person-year | HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | |
| MI | ||||||
| Q1 | 20 | 4736.8 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Q2 | 35 | 7375.8 | 1.12 (0.65–1.95) | 0.99 (0.57–1.74) | 1.27 (0.72–2.26) | 1.47 (0.76–2.81) |
| Q3 | 27 | 7514.2 | 0.85 (0.48–1.52) | 0.98 (0.55–1.75) | 1.19 (0.66–2.16) | 1.26 (0.67–2.37) |
| Q4 | 16 | 7025.6 | 0.54 (0.28–1.04) | 0.68 (0.35–1.33) | 0.82 (0.42–1.62) | 0.88 (0.43–1.81) |
| P for trend | 0.03 | 0.29 | 0.57 | 0.60 | ||
| PH assumption | 0.80 | 0.85 | 0.79 | 0.96 | ||
| IHD | ||||||
| Q1 | 80 | 4546.1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Q2 | 102 | 7140.3 | 0.81 (0.61–1.09) | 0.72 (0.53–0.96) | 0.88 (0.65–1.20) | 0.95 (0.67–1.35) |
| Q3 | 81 | 7307 | 0.63 (0.46–0.85) | 0.72 (0.53–0.98) | 0.85 (0.62–1.16) | 0.89 (0.64–1.25) |
| Q4 | 65 | 6837.3 | 0.54 (0.39–0.74) | 0.68 (0.49–0.95) | 0.79 (0.56–1.11) | 0.84 (0.59–1.21) |
| P for trend | <0.001 | 0.03 | 0.18 | 0.31 | ||
| PH assumption | 0.54 | 0.63 | 0.69 | 0.62 | ||
| Stroke | ||||||
| Q1 | 19 | 4771.2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Q2 | 28 | 7396.5 | 0.96 (0.53–1.71) | 0.78 (0.43–1.40) | 1.05 (0.57–1.95) | 0.98 (0.49–2.00) |
| Q3 | 15 | 7566.7 | 0.50 (0.25–0.98) | 0.64 (0.32–1.25) | 0.81 (0.41–1.63) | 0.80 (0.38–1.69) |
| Q4 | 15 | 7050.7 | 0.53 (0.27–1.05) | 0.83 (0.42–1.64) | 1.15 (0.57–2.33) | 1.29 (0.59–2.79) |
| P for trend | 0.01 | 0.44 | 0.98 | 0.75 | ||
| PH assumption | 0.94 | 0.58 | 0.74 | 0.50 | ||
| CVD | ||||||
| Q1 | 99 | 4497.4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Q2 | 130 | 7003.8 | 0.85 (0.65–1.10) | 0.73 (0.56–0.95) | 0.93 (0.71–1.23) | 0.99 (0.73–1.36) |
| Q3 | 96 | 7243.2 | 0.60 (0.45–0.79) | 0.71 (0.53–0.94) | 0.85 (0.63–1.13) | 0.89 (0.65–1.21) |
| Q4 | 80 | 6777.4 | 0.53 (0.40–0.71) | 0.70 (0.52–0.95) | 0.86 (0.63–1.16) | 0.92 (0.66–1.28) |
| P for trend | <0.001 | 0.02 | 0.24 | 0.47 | ||
| PH assumption | 0.54 | 0.43 | 0.48 | 0.38 | ||
| All-cause mortality | ||||||
| Q1 | 62 | 4815.5 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Q2 | 105 | 7505.9 | 1.09 (0.79–1.49) | 0.81 (0.59–1.11) | 0.89 (0.63–1.24) | 0.80 (0.54–1.19) |
| Q3 | 60 | 7630.5 | 0.61 (0.42–0.86) | 0.77 (0.54–1.10) | 0.89 (0.62–1.28) | 0.81 (0.55–1.20) |
| Q4 | 34 | 7110.6 | 0.37 (0.24–0.56) | 0.59 (0.39–0.90) | 0.64 (0.41–0.98) | 0.60 (0.38–0.96) |
| P for trend | <0.001 | 0.02 | 0.06 | 0.05 | ||
| PH assumption | 0.85 | 0.76 | 0.63 | 0.59 | ||
| CVD mortality | ||||||
| Q1 | 33 | 4815.5 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Q2 | 41 | 7505.9 | 0.80 (0.51–1.27) | 0.59 (0.37–0.94) | 0.78 (0.47–1.28) | 0.71 (0.39–1.30) |
| Q3 | 22 | 7630.5 | 0.42 (0.24–0.72) | 0.54 (0.32–0.93) | 0.70 (0.40–1.23) | 0.61 (0.33–1.11) |
| Q4 | 9 | 7110.6 | 0.18 (0.09–0.38) | 0.30 (0.14–0.63) | 0.38 (0.18–0.82) | 0.37 (0.17–0.83) |
| P for trend | <0.001 | 0.001 | 0.01 | 0.01 | ||
| PH assumption | 0.55 | 0.69 | 0.70 | 0.55 | ||
Q, Quartile; HR (95% CI), Hazard ratio (95% confidence interval); MI, Myocardial Infraction; IHD, Ischemic heart disease (MI + Sudden cardiac death); CVD, Cardiovascular disease.
Adjusted for age (year).
Additionally, adjusted for education (illiterate/primary school/more than primary school), residency (urban/rural), smoking status (never/past/current smoker), daily physical activity (METs–min/day), family history of cardiovascular disease (yes/no), diabetes mellitus (yes/no), hypertension (yes/no), hypercholesterolemia (yes/no), and aspirin use.
Additionally, adjusted for body mass index (kg/m2), dietary factor including red meat, fish, fruit and vegetable, hydrogenated and non–hydrogenated vegetable oil, fast food, cereals, legumes, animal fats, sweets, soft drink, and beverages.