Table 2.

Predictors of renal damage in patients with lupus nephritis*

	Univariable		Multivariable
	HR (95% CI)	p-value	HR (95% CI)	p-value
Age at nephritis diagnosis	0.99 (0.97–1.00)	0.049
Gender (male)	1.60 (1.04–2.48)	0.033	1.83 (1.17–2.86)	0.008
Residence (rural)	0.87 (0.49–1.53)	0.620
Ethnicity
Caucasian	Ref.
Mestizo	1.51 (1.07–2.13)	0.191
African Latin-American	1.41 (0.84–2.35)	0.195
Others	1.04 (0.38–2.89)	0.933
SES
High	0.27 (0.10–0.74)	0.011	0.25 (0.09–0.69)	0.007
Medium	0.62 (0.43–0.89)	0.001	0.70 (0.49–1.01)	0.058
Low	Ref.		Ref.
Early treatment response	0.49 (0.32–0.76)	0.002	0.57 (0.37–0.90)	0.014
Proteinuria	1.39 (0.72–2.59)	0.338
Low complement	1.42 (1.03–1.96)	0.032
Anti-dsDNA	1.28 (0.94–1.75)	0.118
Red cell casts	2.10 (1.54–2.87)	<0.001
Creatinine level	1.18 (1.09–1.26)	<0.001
Hypertension	2.37 (1.70–3.30)	<0.001	1.86 (1.31–2.64)	<0.001
Renal component of SLEDAI	2.26 (1.62–3.16)	<0.001	2.02 (1.43–2.84)	<0.001
Prednisone dose	1.01 (1.00–1.01)	0.008
Immunosuppressive drugs use	1.50 (1.10–2.05)	0.011
Antimalarial use	0.454 (0.37–0.79)	<0.001	0.54 (0.37–0.79)	0.002

*Clinically or histologically.

Anti-dsDNA, Anti-double-stranded DNA; SES, Socioeconomic status; SLEDAI, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index.