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. 2021 Feb 4;54(3):542–556.e9. doi: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.02.001

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The MVA/S and MVA/S1 vaccines induce strong T cell responses in the spleen and lungs of mice

(A and B) IFNγ⁺, CD8⁺, and CD4⁺ T cells in the spleen (A) and lungs (B) of MVA/S- and MVA/S1-immunized animals, analyzed 1 week after boost immunization, after re-stimulation with the indicated peptide pools. The mouse immunization study was repeated twice (n = 5 per group), except for the data presented in (C) and (D), and representative data are shown.

(C) Frozen lung sections from vaccinated mice were stained to analyze formation of iBALT aggregates to visualize the B cell- and T cell-forming follicle-like structure (iBALT) induced by MVA/S and MVA/S1 vaccination. The arrows in the immunofluorescence images indicate iBALT structures.

(D) The total number of iBALT-like structures, visualized in each section per mouse, was quantified and compared between the groups.

(E) Correlation between the total number of iBALT-like structures and ELISA binding antibody with S protein in serum.

Bars and columns show arithmetic mean values for each group ± SEM; Mann-Whitney test; ^∗p < 0.05, and ^∗∗p < 0.01. Spearman rank test was used to perform the correlation analysis.