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. 2021 Feb 4;54(3):542–556.e9. doi: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.02.001

Figure 5.

Figure 5

The MVA/S vaccine protects from SARS-CoV-2 infection and replication and reduces lung pathology in rhesus macaques

Following vaccination, all macaques were challenged with SARS-CoV-2 at week 8 by intratracheal (IT) and intranasal (IN) route. Virus replication, lung pathology, binding and neutralizing antibody titers, and T cell responses were measured.

(A) SARS-CoV-2 subgenomic viral RNA in the lung (BAL fluid), throat, and nasopharynx on days 2, 4, 7, and 10 (day of euthanasia) after infection.

(B and C) Lung pathology on day 10 after infection. Shown is hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining of lung sections to analyze tissue structure and cell infiltration (B) and lung pathology score (C). See Table S1 for details.

(D and E) SARS-CoV-2 RBD-specific serum IgG responses (D) and live SARS-CoV-2 neutralization (E) in serum following challenge.

(F) IFNγ+ CD8+ and CD4+ T cells in blood on day 10 after infection after re-stimulation with a peptide pool specific to the indicated protein. S1, S1 region of spike; S2, S2 region of spike; NC, nucleocapsid; Sum, total response (S1+S2+NC).

Bars and columns show mean responses in each group ± SEM; Mann-Whitney test: ∗p < 0.05, and ∗∗p < 0.01. Dotted lines reflect the limit of detection. See also Figure S3 and Table S1 for details.